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Psychology > Debates, Areas, Perspectives > Flashcards

Debates, Areas, Perspectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological area

A

How your biology affects your behaviour

Genetics, brain, nerves, hormones (internal factors)

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2
Q

Biological area strengths and weaknesses

A

S- understanding of our physiognomy

  • scientific
  • internally reliable
  • internally valid

W-limitations on data collection rely on self report

  • reductionist
  • not ecologically valid
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3
Q

Studies that relate to biological area

A

Sperry - separate brain hemispheres and their functions
Blakemore and Cooper - visual cortex and brain plasticity
Maguire - hippocampus and brain plasticity
Casey - roles of the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum

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4
Q

Biological area points for comparison

A 
Lab experiments 
Low ecological validity 
High internal reliability 
High internal validity 
Scientific 
Biological determinism 
Nature side of the debate 
Reductionist
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5
Q

Cognitive area

A

Mind works like a computer - Inputting, processing, storing and retrieving information
Focus on internal mental processes (memory, attention, perception etc) can influence our behaviour
People make decisions based on how they behave

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6
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of cognitive area

A

S-understanding and improving mental processes

  • extraneous variables are controlled
  • highly replicable

W-rely on self report

  • demand characteristics
  • lacks ecological validity
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7
Q

Studies to in cognitive area

A

Moray - auditory attention, internal process
Loftus and Palmer - reconstructive memory
Grant - context-dependent memory
Simons and Chabris - visual attention

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8
Q

Cognitive area points of comparison

A 
Lab experiments 
Lack ecological validity 
Relies on self report 
Adult participants 
Both sides of individual and situational debate 
Ethical
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9
Q

Developmental area

A

Behaviour is learned from environment
Early experiences affect later behaviour
Assumes behaviour changes over time

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10
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of developmental

A

S- useful for child care

  • both quantitative and qualitative data
  • reduce participant variables - study same ps over time

W-children so ethical issues

  • research is constrained to time
  • usually small samples
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11
Q

Studies in developmental area

A

Bandura - behaviour affected by a model
Kohlberg - changes in morality with age
Chaney - influence of funhaler on behaviour
Lee - differences in truth and lie telling across cultures

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12
Q

Developmental points for comparison

A 
Holistic view 
Focuses on children 
Cross-cultural 
Both quantitative and qualitative data
Nurture 
Unethical - children 
Situational
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13
Q

Social area

A

We behave differently depending on social roles or presence of Others
Other people and the environment influence our behaviour
Relationships with people influence our behaviour

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14
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of social area

A

S- practical applications

  • explains real life events
  • understand human behaviour better

W- ethnocentric

  • time restricted
  • socially sensitive
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15
Q

Studies in social area

A

Milgram - influence of authoritative figure on obedience
Piliavin - influence of people on helping others
Bocchiaro - obedience and whistle blowing with an authoritative figure
Levine - helping people who are struggling

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15
Q

Social points for comparison

A 
Field experiments 
Lack ecological validity sometimes 
Mainly quantitative data
Free will - determinism 
Situational 
Reductionist
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16
Q

Individual differences

A

Looks at why people fall out of the normal range
Looks at why people differ and how
Develop understanding of disorders

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17
Q

Strengths and weaknesses

A

S- looks at all normal and abnormal behaviours
-treatment of abnormalities

W- socially sensitive
-hard to generalise from unique samples

19
Q

Studies in individual differences

A

Freud - phobias
Gould - intelligence and mental ages
Baron-cohen - autism, Tourette’s and normal Theory of mind
Hancock - psychopaths

20
Q

Individual differences points for comparison

A 
Case studies 
Low population validity 
Individual side 
Socially sensitive 
Ecological validity 
Useful
21
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

Humans are born with a blank slate (tabula rasa) and everything’s learnt after birth
Classical conditioning (learn through association)
Operant conditioning (learn through rewards and punishment)
Social learning theory (learn through observation and imitation)

22
Q

Behaviourist perspective strengths and weaknesses

A

S-nurture

  • useful for child care
  • scientific

W- reductionist - ignores nature

  • hard to apply to adults
  • low ecological validity
23
Q

Studies in behaviourist perspective

A

Bandura - social learning theory influence of observing aggressive model
Chaney - operant conditioning rewards of funhaler

24
Q

Behaviourist perspective comparison points

A 
Controlled lab experiments 
Useful
Children
Nurture
Useful
Scientific
25
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

3 levels of consciousness - conscious mind (personality) pre conscious (distant memories) unconscious (hidden desires)
3 parts of the personality - Id ego superego
Revealing unconscious mind - Freudian slips, dream analysis, free association, projective tests

26
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic

A

S- mental disorders as result of unconscious

  • suggestions for treatments
  • case study method = detail

W- unscientific
-small samples means low population validity

27
Q

Studies in psychodynamic

A

Freud - unconscious as explanation of phobias and fantasies

Hancock - language of psychopaths comes from unconscious, drives and ego defence mechanisms

28
Q

Points for comparison for psychodynamic

A 
Case study methods 
Low internal reliability 
Low Population validity 
Unscientific 
Free will - determinism 
Nature
29
Q

Nature / nurture

A

Nature - behaviour due to genetics e.g. sperry moray

Nurture - behaviour due to upbringing and experiences e.g. Bandura blakemore and Cooper

30
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of nature / nurture

A

Nature
S- useful for genetic modification, not ethnocentric
W- limited usefulness cant change genetics, socially sensitive

Nurture
S- useful
W- socially sensitive, ethnocentric, blame environment, reductionist

31
Q

Reductionism / holism

A

Reductionism - behaviour explained by 1 factor e.g. milgram maguire

Holism - behaviour explained by multiple factors e.g. lee Levine

32
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of reductionism / holism

A

Reductionism
S- find cause and effect, scientific, replicable
W- human behaviour too complex to reduce down, low ecological validity

Holism
S- more complete overview of behaviour
W- turns reductionist in finding most important factor

33
Q

Psychology as a science

A

Replicability, objectivity, falsifiability to be a science
Is - piliavin, milgram
Not - Freud

34
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of psych as a science

A

S- less vulnerable to researcher bias, cause and effect, increases psychology reputation and credibility

W- lacks qualitative data, reductionist, low ecological validity

35
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

Topics which may have negative effects on sample or target population and that can cause upset
Is - Gould
Not - cognitive area

36
Q

Usefulness debate

A

Whether the findings have practical applications
Is - Bandura loftus and Palmer
Isn’t - blakemore and Cooper

37
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of usefulness

A

S- Positive applications to improve people’s lives

  • improve reputation of psychology
  • increases fundings for research

W- can be put to bad uses

  • ethical guidelines broken to make findings useful
  • could cancel out if two people have the same idea on different sides
38
Q

Ethical considerations

A

Strict guidelines over how participants should be treated
Respect - consent, withdraw, confidentiality
Competence - done by someone with official skills - qualified
Integrity - deception
Responsibility - protection from harm, debrief

E.g is Chaney
Isn’t piliavin

39
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of ethics

A

S-increases credibility of psychology
- more likely to get more participants next time

W- limits research being carried out

  • reduce validity if know aim - demand characteristics
  • withdraw may create a weak sample
40
Q

Free will / determinism

A

Free will - choice over our own actions
E.g. milgram

Determinism - caused by external factors (biological = genetics, environmental = upbringing/ social factors)
E.g. Bandura
Maguire

41
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of free will determinism

A

Free will
S- not socially sensitive, useful people held accountable
W- unscientific, socially sensitive

Determinism
S- useful can cause behaviours to occur, scientific
W- reductionist, open to negative uses, socially sensitive

42
Q

Individual/ situational

A

Individual - behaviour due to personality, characteristics
E.g. milgram Freud

Situational - people’s behaviour changed in different situations
E.g. Bandura

43
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of individual situational

A

Individual
S- better understanding of behaviour, useful - jobs
W- hard to change people’s behaviour, reductionist

Situational
S- helps understand changing behaviour, alter behaviour
W- socially sensitive, reductionist

Psychology (13 decks)

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