Environmental Flashcards
What is a stressor
A stimulus that requires the individual to adapt it’s behaviour unordered to cope with it
black and black Method (aircraft)
- 1500 addresses received questionnaires
- 1st area aircraft noise of 70 decibels, 2nd area no aircraft
- excludes apartments and commercial buildings
- questionnaire had questions on health, hypertension, annoyance and extraneous factors
black and black result (aircraft)
- Aircraft annoyance 6.27 ▶️ long term exposure associated with chronic stress and health significantly worse
- control group annoyance 1.03
Glass and Singer (noise stress)
-Reasons why noise is stressful
-conditions: 56 or 108 decibels, 9sec bursts or irregular bursts, perceived control (told can’t stop noise)
-during music given spelling and grammar test (performance test) and then trace over without lifting pen (frustration test)
Greatest effect - noise being unpredictable and no control overs it
Lundbergs (train)
- group one got on train first (low density group)
- Group two got on half way (high density group)
- 72 min train
- only males, their urine collected to test for adrenaline
- first group had lower adrenaline levels as they had got to choose their seat so had some control over situation
- the more crowded the more adrenaline
Ellis (RET)
- Rational emotive therapy
- Assumption that if people are overly stressed they don’t think rationally
- 5 stages
- A (activating experience) eg feeling hot
- B (irrational thinking) eg can’t cope with heat
- C (consequences) eg act moody and irrational
- D (disputing) eg not awful, can deal
- E (effects) eg new set of rational beliefs
What is phase delay and phase advance
Delay = go to bed later Advance = go to bed earlier
Czeislers (shift rotation)
To see is rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles
Czeislers sample (shift rotation)
153 males split into two groups
Fixed shift aged 19 to 56 (68 males)
Rotating 21 days aged 19 to 68 (52 males)
Rotating 7 days aged 19 to 68 (33 males)
Czeisler method (shift rotation)
- 84% complain took 4 days to adjust sleep pattern, rotating shift insomnia
- All workers on rotating shifts were moved to a phase delay
- After 3 months they were given questionnaire on personal preferences
- after 9months personnel turnover and plant productivity analysed
Czeisler results
—Workers significantly preferred phase delay schedule
- Complaints from 21 day rotations dropped to 20%
- 21 day rotation more satisfied than those on 7day rotation
- After 21 phase delay potash harvesting and production had significant increase
siffre (cave)
- Man lived in cave for 2 months
- Completely dark except for light bulb/torch
- Only contacted outside world when we woke up, ate and went to sleep
- temp below freezing and humidity 98%
- body clock moved from 24hrs to 24hrs 30min
- internal body clock is independent outside of day and night
preckels (owl and lark)
- 272 students from 5 schools in Germany
- Cognitive test and chronotype questionnaire
- 132 parents completed questionnaires on their child’s chronotype
- Being an owl significantly lower grade point average for maths science language
- extraneous variables accounted for
peter trips
- Raise money
- 201 hours awake (8days)
- became abusive 3days in
- hallucinations of spiders in his shoes after 5 days (when he should have been dreaming)
- body temp decreased continuously throughout experiment
- slept for 24hrs after and declared he was fine
- wife left him as he was depressed and moody
- personality change-took money, all marriages failed
over come jet lag or shift work
Power naps-3am 6am night shift workers get drowsy, power naps reenergise workers, reduces fatigue, 10/13 nurses reported improved energy mood and vigilance, 20 to 40 mins
Melatonin pills-help sleep in day to realign circadian rhythms
lord sample (recycling)
140 households
20 per conditions
Quota sampling
Slight bias towards upmarket households/neighbourhoods
lord method (recycling)
Stage 1- covert observation of recycling habits
Stage 2- 7 groups of 20, given advert, news article, personal message, control group. There was a positive and negative message for each
Stage 3- covert observation
Stage 4- questionnaire on attitudes towards recycling
Lord results (recycling)
Significant increase in recycling
Positive posters work best
Negative letters work best
Yale model of persuasion
- Used to change attitudes, 4 major factors involved in persuasive communication
- the source (mor credible)
- message (more educated audience get two sided argument)
- 3 recipient (strong smaller attitudes changes)
- situation (most effective when informal in groups)
operant conditioning
Reinforcement +ve (addition of stimulus to encourage)
-ve (removal of stimulus to encourage)
Punishment +ve addition of stimulus to discourage
-ve removal of stimulus to discourage
social learning theory
Imitation-learned behaviour by copying behaviour of role models
Observation-learning behaviour by watching the behaviour of role models
luyben and bailey (newspapers)
- Proximity is relevant as an antecedent strategy
- Study carried out in 4 mobile home parks
- Simply increasing number of newspaper recycling facilities available
- Led to 52% increase in recycling newspapers
cialdini (reuse towels)
Large hotel tried to encourage reuse of towels
5messages -help hotel save energy
-help save environment
-partner with us to save environment
-help save resources for future generations
-join fellow citizens in savaging environment
cialdini results
- Last message which is the social norm was the most successful message
- results consistent with social psychological theory
- people follow other people
data on a CVS display
Numerical data eg HR blood pressure oxygen saturation
Graphical trends eg graph showing each of above
Variability eg last hour, current state and normal levels
drews and doig sample (CVS)
42 nurses, 21 in each condition
Condition 1 - old display
Condition 2 - new display
Drew’s and doig method (CVS)
Each participant given 4 scenarios , had to verbally evaluate patients status and interpret display in order to recommend interventions
4 patients-early sepsis, septic shock, pulmonary embolus, stable
Drew’s and doig results
- Participants with cvs display identified patients state 48% quicker
- Accuracy improved by a 3rd or more when using cvs in relative to septic shock
- lower mental demands in cvs display
brown and poultons (driving attention)
Two conditions
- Drive in residential (few inputs)
- Drive in car park (larger inputs)
- played tape of numbers had to identify difference between sequences
- more errors made in car park condition
- give more attention to primary task so less mental capacity for secondary task so underwent cognitive overload
Miller (memory)
Limits to people’s short term memory
Should chunk information into 7 chunks that mean something
Hawthorne studies (light levels)
- Investigation into impact of physical environment on productivity levels
- 3 groups, dim light, bright light, constant
- productivity increased in all groups due to the participants knowing they were being watched
Stone (coloured rooms)
- examine how ability to study is affected by setting and colour of room.
- 144 students randomly assigned to one of 12 conditions, given either maths or reading test and questionnaire to measure mood/satisfaction/motivation
- open plan room that was blue = +ve mood, red room = -ve mood
- more satisfied with performance blue open plan and white private
- reading task best in white room irrespective of setting
Ulrich sample (bedroom view)
46 patients in Pennsylvania hospital
Aged 20 to 69 and none had serious post op complications
23 pairs of patients matched, 15 female 8 male
Ulrich method (bedroom view)
Patients had cholecystectomy
Nurse had to get data on:
Length of hospitalisation
Number and strength of analgenetic each day
Number and strength of doses for anxiety each day
Minor complications requiring medication
Nurse notes eg good spirits or upset/crying
ulrich results (bedroom view)
View of trees spent less time in hospital (7.96 days compared to 8.7 days)
View of trees had fewer moderate/strong analgenetics
Significantly more negative comments in brick view patients
Cohen (noise and education)
54 children in a 32 floor apartment building in New York
Same school =same education
IV higher up block less noise
DV auditory discrimination and reading tests
Significant correlation the higher up the block the better the reading results
white (green spaces)
Longitudinal study
Showed if surrounded by green areas led to less mental distress, more satisfaction (after extraneous variables controlled)
Happiness is equivalent to 1/3 of happiness of marriage
Green spaces have a restorative impact on people
armitage (cul de sacs)
Road layout in cul de sacs
More crime in cul de sacs due to hidden long narrow footpaths
Sinuous true cul de sacs has less crime no “leaky” footpaths
Footpaths used if wide, are overlooked, short and direct
Newman and Pruitt Igoe (failed flats)
43 buildings built
Lifted off ground to allow green tree river
Every 3rd level had communal area and laundry
Narrow corridors to discourage gatherings in semi private places
Failed due to design
Landings shared by two families more well kept than landings shared by many
Defensible space-areas subdivided and assigned to people more likely to be looked after
Kendrick and McFarlane (car traffic light)
Covert observation
- confederate in car doesn’t move when light is green (12 seconds)
- participants 39 male, 36 female age range 16-65
- temperature ranged from 31 to 46 degree
- heat increases interpersonal hospitality
- results: at 38 degrees participants spent over 6 seconds on horn, below 32 degrees none hit their horn
key research Wells (personalisation of workplace)
- 20 office workers volunteered from California
- 2 manufacturing and 2 real estate company’s
- 661 surveys sent out, 338 sent back
- follow up case study 23 employees
- surveys sent out had 7 sections-work space personalisation/satisfaction/well being/personality traits/job environment/personal demographics/organisational well being
- case study tape recorded structural interviews open questions and photos taken of work space
- results: women had 11 items, men had 7 items, women had photos or symbols of friends family, men had achievements express status
- sig association with satisfaction and well being due to personalisation
- company with more lenient personalisation more social greater morale lower staff turnover
Hall (zones of personal space)
Zones of personal space
Intimate-making love
Casual-close friends
Social-impersonal/business like contacts
Public-formal contact between individual and public
-observation of white middle class Americans
-zone used depends on factors such as nature of relationship and activity engaged in
Sommer and Ross (seating arrangements)
Seating arrangements
- if sat alone and someone sits next to you find hard to talk to them especially if female
- Canadian hospital ward which has depressing effect on patients
- chairs in linear row-no social contact
- chairs in circle- interaction between patients
- sociofugal spacing separates people
- sociopetal spacing makes people more interactive
Middlemist (urinal proximity)
American uni
Urinals
Confederate stood directly next to someone, one urinal away or absent
Observer in stall observed with periscope embedded in stack of books and stopwatch
Micturition delay and duration (time zip down to urination, time between onset and completion)
-closer distance increase in micturition delay and decrease in micturition duration
-supports arousal model of personal space invasions, close interpersonal distances are inter personally stressful increasing discomfort
Smith (beach territory)
Cultural differences in people marking territory
- west Germany, France, America
- short interviews with groups on a beach, info on nationality, group size time on beach
- measure width and depth of space used
- germans took up more space
- males more space regardless of nationality
- germans said “a mans home is his castle” point to sand castle
- French didn’t understand territory now matter how much explanation
