Mental Health Flashcards
What is Depression
- Normal human affect caused by the disruption of: normal life balance, loss, conflict, trauma
- Symptom of illness or a medication side-effect
- Clinical syndrome based on neurochemical imbalance
Is depression the same thing as being in a “sad mood” or “having the blues”?
No
What percentage of the U.S. population are treated for depression each year?
Approx 7% (16 million)
Another 1.5% more are treated for minor depression each year.
Approximately what percentage of people in the US are affected by depression over their lifespan?
20-25%
What time of year does depression have the highest percentages?
Winter (family, holidays, finances, weather, etc)
What are some symptoms of depression? (10)
- Sad anxious, or empty
- Appetite change
- Restless or irritable
- Difficulty concentrating/making decisions
- Feeling hopeless, worthless or guilty
- Persistant physical symptoms (headaches, digestion)
- Thoughts of death or suicide
- Abnormal sleep
- Loss of interest
- Fatigue/energy loss
What are some of the types of depression disorders?
- Persistent depressive disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- Bipolar disorders
Who may be at increased risk for depression?
- Substance users (alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, LSD)
- Family history (1st degree makes you 3x more likely)
- Major loss or trauma (sexual assault/physical abuse)
- Perfectionist personality type
- Previous depression or current illness
What are some strategies to use when working with children who have experienced trauma?
- anticipate their needs
- be honest (age appropriate)
- share your feelings
- get children actively involved
What are the four domains in which mood disorder symptoms occur?
Cognitive, affective, behavioral, physiological
Psychosocial stressors and dysregulation of what stress hormone predisposes susceptible individuals to depression?
cortisol
Chronic stress is is an important risk factor in a number of psychiatric disorders such as ____ and ____.
anxiety and bipolar disorder
What are some affective symptoms of mania? (“manic symptoms”)
- elation
- irritability
- grandiosity
What are some cognitive symptoms of mania? (“manic symptoms”)
- lack of focus/attention
- poor judgement
- flighty/pressured
What are some behavioral symptoms of mania? (“manic symptoms”)
- overactive
- talkative
What are some physiological symptoms of mania? (“manic symptoms”)
- decreased sleep
- high activation
What are some symptoms of depression in adolescents?
- poor school performance
- withdrawal from friends/activities
- poor self-esteem
- forgetfulness
- lack of energy/motivation
- overreaction to criticism
- restless and agitated
- suicidal thoughts/actions
Anxiety disorders and depression cost the public approximately $__ billion per year?
45
By 2020, depression will be 2nd only to ________ as the leading cause of death and disability.
cardiovascular disease
The etiology of mood disorders have four primary parts, what are they?
Biology, Psychology, Social, Sociocultural
What are the biological etiological markers that could lead to mood disorders?
genetics, neurotransmitters, abnormal brain structures
What are the psychological etiological markers that could lead to mood disorders?
learned helplessness, inadequate reinforcers, negative thinking, poor separation response
What are the social etiological markers that could lead to mood disorders?
stress, lack of social support
What are the sociocultural etiological markers that could lead to mood disorders?
gender, low socioeconomic status, culture
Regardless of the trigger, severe depression results in biochemical changes in the brain. True or False?
True
What is seasonal affective disorder?
Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that is related to change in seasons. For most people the symptoms usually occur at the same time every year.
What seasons are people most likely to undergo seasonal affective disorder?
winter or summer
How does sunlight play a role in seasonal affective disorder?
Sunlight impacts melatonin production in the body.
What hormone is critical for biorhythms (sleep cycle)?
melatonin
What hormone is critical for mood; awake/sleep; libido?
serotonin
Perception of fitness over actual level of fitness may be more important in mood-enhancing. True or False?
True
What is an anaerobic exercise? What are some examples of anaerobic exercise that you can do to help reduce stress and increase well-being?
Short-term, or short-burst, activities not involving the transportation of oxygen (e.g., weightlifting, baseball)
What is an aerobic exercise? What are some examples of aerobic exercise that you can do to help reduce stress and increase well-being?
Longer-term activities that increase pulmonary and cardiorespiratory system activity (e.g., cycling, running)
Reduction of acute signs of anxiety and depression after exercise occurs regardless of intensity, duration or type of activity. True or False?
True
How many times per week is exercise recommended?
3-5x per week
Exercise programs conducted over long periods are associated with moderate gains in _____ functioning.
cognitive
Acute aerobic exercise increased executive cognitive functioning in _____ and ____ ____.
planning and problem solving
Acute exercise is no more effective in reducing state anxiety than quiet rest or relaxation, BUT the effects ____ _____.
last longer
How can you enhance mood via exercise?
- Rhythmic abdominal breathing
- Rhythmic and repetitive movements
- Avoid competition
- Closed, predictable activity
- Make it FUN
What does ACE stand for?
adverse childhood experience
Why are children more vulnerable to the affects of trauma?
Kids are more vulnerable due to limited coping and communication skills, media exposure and insufficient attention focused on them after trauma
What is persistent depression also known as?
Dysthymia – chronic mild(er) depression
What are the characteristics of major depressive disorder?
recurrent, singular episodes
What are the characteristics of bipolar disorder?
cycles of mania or depression
What are the characteristics of persistent depressive disorder?
- dysthmia
- depressed mood that is chronic & continual
- may be as severe as major depressive disorder
What are some of the affective symptoms of depression?
sadness, apathy, crying spells, dejection, anxiety, worthlessness
What are some of the cognitive symptoms of depression?
-pessimism, inability to concentrate, guilt, faulty/negative thinking
What are some of the behavioral symptoms of depression?
-withdrawal, low energy, neglect appearance, lowered productivity, anhedonia
What are some of the physiological symptoms of depression?
- appetite and weight change
- change in sexual drive
- sleep disturbance
Briefly describe the etiology of mood disorders and provide one example of each.
Biology (genetics)
Psychology (negative thinking)
Social (stress)
Sociocultural (gender)
When can seasonal affective disorder occur and why?
Winter or Summer; sunlight affects melatonin levels in our body.
Identify 2 of the five factors that put someone at increased risk for depression.
substance use, family history, major loss or trauma, perfectionist personality, previous depression
Provide one symptom in each of the 4 domains for mania and depression.
Mania (elation, flighty, talkative, decreased sleep)
Depression (sadness, pessimism, withdrawal, low libido)
