Menstruation

Question 1

What is the average length of a menstrual cycle?

Answer 1

28 days

Question 2

What is the average length of a menstrual flow?

Answer 2

4-6 days

Question 3

What is the other term for the first menstruation?

Answer 3

Menarche

Question 4

What are the four body structures involved in menstruation?

Answer 4

1. hypothalamus
2. anterior pituitary
3. ovaries
4. uterus

Question 5

What initiates the menstrual cycle?

Answer 5

Release of GnRH from the hypothalamus

Question 6

How does GnRH affect the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

Sigals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropic hormones to let the ovaries produce estrogen

Question 7

What is the relationship between GnRH and estrogen?

Answer 7

If estrogen levels are high enough, GnRH is inhibited

Question 8

What is another term for the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Adenohypophysis

Question 9

What stimulates the growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 9

LH

Question 10

What hormone becomes the most active at the midpoint of the cycle and is responsible for ovulation?

Answer 10

LH

Question 11

What hormone is responsible for the maturation of the ovum?

Answer 11

FSH

Question 12

At what point of the cycle does the ovum divide by mitotic and meiotic division?

Answer 12

Midpoint

Question 13

How does FSH affect the ovaries?

Answer 13

Causes the oocyte to grow and mature

Question 14

What does the oocyte produce as it grows?

Answer 14

Follicular fluid that contains a high degree of estrogen and some progesterone

Question 15

What is the graafian folicle?

Answer 15

the small ovum accompanied by the follicular membrane and fluid

Question 16

What causes the graafian follicle to rupture leading to ovulation?

Answer 16

prostaglandins

Question 17

What causes the release of prostaglandins?

Answer 17

LH

Question 18

When does ovulation begin?

Answer 18

14 days before the end of the cycle

Question 19

What happens to the ovarian follicles after ovulation?

Answer 19

produces lutein and is renamed to the corpus luteum

Question 20

What causes the follicles to produce lutein?

Answer 20

LH

Question 21

How many weeks does the corpus luteum remain if the ovum is fertilized?

Answer 21

16-20 weeks

Question 22

How many days does it take for the ovum to atrophy if unfertilized?

Answer 22

4-5

Question 23

How many days does the corpus luteum remain for if the ovum is unfertilized?

Answer 23

8-10 days

Question 24

Uterine changes that occur monthly as a result of stimulation from ___________ and _____________ produced by the ovaries

Answer 24

estrogen and progesterone

Question 25

What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 25

Proliferative (or estrogenic, follicular, postmenstrual)

Question 26

When does the proliferative phase occur?

Answer 26

After menstrual flow (around 5-14 days)

Question 27

What causes the endometrium to proliferate (grow) during this phase?

Answer 27

estrogen

Question 28

What occurs in the proliferstive phase?

Answer 28

ovaries produce estrogen as instructed by the FSH

Question 29

What is the second phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 29

Secretory (or luteal, progestational, premenstrual)

Question 30

What hormone is formed in the secretory phase?

Answer 30

Progesterone

Question 31

What secretes progesterone in the secretory phase?

Answer 31

Corpus luteum

Question 32

(Secretory phase) The glands of the uterine endometrium become ____________ or ___________ in appearance

Answer 32

corkscrew or twisted

Question 33

(Secretory phase) The uterine endometrium is dilated with quantities of _________ and ________

Answer 33

glycogen and mucin

Question 34

What is the third phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

Ischemic

Question 35

(Ischemic phase) If ___________ does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to regress after __ to __ days

Answer 35

fertilization; 8-10

Question 36

What decreases in the ischemic phase?

Answer 36

Production of progesterone

Question 37

(Ischemic phase) What happens when the progesterone levels drop?

Answer 37

Endometrium begins to degenarate, the capillaries rupture and the endometrium sloughs off

Question 38

What is the fourth phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

Menses (or menstrual flow)

Question 39

What composes the menstrual flow?

Answer 39

1. mixture of blood from ruptured capillaries 2. mucin 3. fragments of endometrial tissue 4. ovu

Question 40

The first day of menstrual flow is used to mark the ____________ _______ of a new menstrual cycle

Answer 40

beginning day