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MCN > Fetal Development > Flashcards

Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-embryonic (Zygote) Stage

A
  • first 2 weeks or 14 days
  • fertilization occurs in the 3rd section of the fallopian tube, the ampulla
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2
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • day 15 to 8 weeks or until embryo measures 3 cm
  • at the end, all organ systems and external structures are present
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3
Q

Fetal Stage

A
  • 9 weeks - term
  • less vulnerable to tetratogens (harmful things) except for those affecting CNS
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4
Q

Cephalocaudal progression: 1st trimester

A

organogenesis

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5
Q

Cephalocaudal progression: 2nd trimester

A

rapid increase in length

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6
Q

Cephalocaudal progression: 3rd trimester

A

continuous growth and development

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7
Q

_____ sperm enter the upper part of the ___

A

300M, vagina

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8
Q

only _____ enter the _____ up to the _______

A

3M sperm, uterus, ampulla

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9
Q

Sperm penetrate the ___ ______ by releasing an enzyme __________ (Fertlization)

A

zona pellucida, hyaluronidase

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10
Q

Morula (16-cell mass) is produced within _ ___

A

3 days

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11
Q

____ forms at the center of morula

A

Blastocele

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12
Q

A blastocyst is a…

A

a ball of cells that forms early in a pregnancy, about five to six days after a sperm fertilizes an egg

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13
Q

Cell types in the blastocyst:
1. Embryoblast

A
  • inside blastocele
  • gives rise to the embryo
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14
Q

Cell types in the blastocyst:
2. Trophoblast

A
  • outside blastocele
  • gives rise to the placenta
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15
Q

Blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida __ days after fertilization, as it enters the ________

A

6, uterus

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16
Q

Implantation occurs _____ after fertilization

A

8-10 days

17
Q

Strypsin

A
  • enzyme secreted by trophoblast cells
  • erodes the epithelial uterine lining
18
Q

After implantation, the endometrium is termed ______

A

decidua

19
Q

Decidua layers:
1. Decidua basalis

A

under the blastocyst

20
Q

Decidua layers:
2. Decidua capsularis

A

covering the blastocyst

21
Q

Decidua layers:
3. Decidua vera

A

lines the rest of the uterus

22
Q

2 layers inside embryoblast:
1. Top layer

A

becomes the embryo and amniotic cavity

23
Q

2 layers inside embryoblast:
2. Lower cells

A

becomes the yolk sac

24
Q

_____ develops from trophoblast and contains ________ on its surface

A

Chorion, chorionic villi

25
Q

A blastocyst is considered an _____ when the amniotic sac develops at _____ days after fertilization

A

embryo, 10-12

26
Q

2 layers of trophoblast cells:
1. Outer syncytium (functional layer of the placenta)

A

produces hPL, hCG, estrogen and progesterone

27
Q
  1. Inner cytotrophoblast
A

forms the Langhans’ layer which protects the embryo and fetus from infectious diseases

28
Q

Function of the Placenta:
a. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A
  • preserves function of the corpus luteum
  • suppresses maternal immunologic response to the placental tissue
29
Q

Function of the Placenta:
b. Chorionic Somatomammotropin (human placental lactogen)

A
  • maternal metabolism to supply needed nutrients
  • increases resistance to insulin
  • facilitates glucose transport across the placental membrane
  • breast development
30
Q

Function of the Placenta:
c. Progesterone

A
  • maintains the endometrium
  • decrease contractility of uterus
  • development of breast alveoli
31
Q

Function of the Placenta:
d. Estrogen

A
  • stimulate uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow
  • Estriol - secreted by placenta
  • Estradiol - produced by ovaries
  • Proliferation of breast glandular
32
Q

Metabolic Functions of the Placenta

A

a. Respiration
b. Nutrition
c. Excretion
d. Storage

33
Q

Reduce the fetal death rate (death between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation) to no more than __ per 1,000 liver births from a baseline of ___ per 1,000

A

5.6, 6.2

34
Q

Reduce low birth weight to an incidence of ___ of live births and very low birth weight to ___ of live births from baselines of ___ and ___

A

7.8%, 1.4%
8.2%, 1.5%

35
Q

Increase the proportion of women of childbearing potential with an intake of at least ______ of folic acid from fortified foods or dietary supplements (2010)

A

400 mg

36
Q

What nutrients cross the placenta by diffusion?

A

O2, CO2, Na, Cl

37
Q

What nutrients cross the placenta by facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose

38
Q

What nutrients cross the placenta by active transport?

A

essential amino acids, water-soluble vitamins

39
Q

What nutrients cross the placenta by pinocytosis?

A

gamma globulins, lipoproteins, phospholipids; virus

MCN (13 decks)

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