Menopause/Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Menopause

general

A

Physiologic process in women characterized by the permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs after the loss of ovarian activity (decreased estrogen production)
Epidemiology
Average age: 51 years
Typical range: 44–55 years of age (95% of women)

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2
Q

Perimenopause

A

Transitional period (2-8 years) from reproductive to nonreproductive stage marked by menstrual irregularity and fluctuating hormone levels

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3
Q

Perimenopause FSH

A

Hormone levels fluctuate significantly in the perimenopausal period

Perimenopause FSH
IncreasedFSH due to
↓ inoocytesdue to progressive degeneration of ovarian follicles that do not ovulate (atresia) →↓ estrogens
What does estrogen do to FSH prior to perimenopause?
Aging oocytes exhibit diminished capacity to secrete inhibin
During the perimenopausal period, women can still become pregnant; often ovulate twice → twin pregnancy

Primaryestrogenswitches fromestradiol toestrone
Estradiol(E2)
Primaryestrogenin premenopausal women
Starts to decrease within 1 year of menopause
Produced inovaries
Estrone(E1)
Primaryestrogenin postmenopausal women
Produced primarily inadipose tissue

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

perimenopause

clin man

A

Symptoms are caused by fluctuating hormone levels

Menstrual changes:
Late reproductive years
Menstrual cycles shorten (cycles get closer)
Menopausal transition
Shorter cycles → longer cycles → very irregular/sporadiccycles → final menstrual period

Emotional symptoms:
Mood swings and irritability
Stress andanxiety

Vasomotor symptoms:
Hot flushes
Occur in 50%–90% of women
Usually last 1–5 minutes, but may last up to 45 minutes
Night sweats
Can significantly disruptsleep→chronic fatigue

Symptoms related to sexual function:
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM):
Vulvovaginalatrophy
Vaginal dryness and itching
Dyspareunia

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6
Q

Postmenopause

Symptoms & Conditions

A

Bone loss:
Osteoporosis → fragility fractures

Cardiovascular disease:
Lipid profiles worsen (↑cholesterol)
Weight gain
↑ Risk formyocardial infarctionand thromboembolic events

Hair, muscle, andskinchanges:
Hair thins
Skin becomes drier and rougher
↓Leanmassandmuscle tone
↑ Fatmass
Symptoms of GSM:
Dryness/dyspareunia
↑ Risk ofpelvic organ prolapse
Incontinence issues
↑Urinary tract infections(UTIs)

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7
Q

Perimenopause

Dx

A

Primarily clinical
Pelvic exam
Assess vaginal atrophy in context of sexual complaints

Routine lab evaluation NOT indicated
FSH,LH, andestrogenlevels fluctuate significantly and are not clinically useful in most cases
Exception: if patient is around age of menopause with abnormal bleeding, ↑FSHmay be helpful in clarifying menopausal status

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8
Q

perimenopause

management

A

Majority of women inperimenopauseand postmenopause do not require treatment
Primary goals
Relief of bothersome symptoms

Ensuring health through appropriate screening

Cervical cytology: up to age 65/every 3 years
Diabetes testing: at age 45/every 3 years
Colonoscopy: at age 45/every 10 years
Mammography: at age 40 or 50/annually
Bone mineral density: at age 65/every 2 years if risk factors present

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9
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

indications

A

Controversial – 1990s clinical trials showed greater detrimental effects than beneficial effects
Use lowest dose for shortest duration required to treat symptoms

Candidates for therapy
Patients within 10 years of menopause
Patients< 60–65 years of age
Symptoms severe enough toaffectqualityof life
No contraindications

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10
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

estrogen

A

Effective for treating
Vasomotor symptoms:hot flushes, night sweats →sleepdisturbances
Mood symptoms in perimenopause, but not postmenopause
GSM: vaginal dryness,dyspareunia

Routes of therapy:
Systemic therapy: oral, transdermalpatches, topical gels
Vaginal therapy: creams, vaginal tablets, ring
Estrogen stimulatesendometrium→ progestin required if patient hasuterus

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11
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

Progestin

A

Progestin
Higher risk of adverse events than estrogen therapy

Required for endometrial protection in patients withuterus

Selectionof route and dosing:
Usually oral
Give cyclically if still menstruating regularly
Give continuously if post-menopausal

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12
Q

Contraindications toHRT

A

Hormone-sensitivebreast cancer
High-riskendometrial cancer
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Cardiovascular disease
Venous thromboembolism
Stroke ortransient ischemic attack(TIA)
Acute liver disease

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13
Q

Other management options - Vasomotor symptoms

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs)
Modulate effects ofestrogen
Ability to bind and activate estrogen receptors but act as either an agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type

Non-hormonal medications
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs):
Paroxetineis the only FDA-approved SSRI
Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Gabapentin
Clonidine

Lifestyle changes
Layered clothing
Maintain lower ambient temperature at home
Avoid alcohol andcaffeine
Stress management

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14
Q

Management options for GSM

A

Low-dose vaginal estrogen
Most effective treatment
Doses are low enough that progestins arenotrequired for endometrial protection
Vaginal lubricants
Vaginal moisturizers
Regularsexual activity

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15
Q

Pregnancy

General

A

Time period betweenfertilizationof an oocyte and delivery of a fetus (~40 weeks)
Sequence of events:
Fertilization of the oocyte by a sperm →embryo
Implantation of the earlyembryointo the uterine wall
Fetal and placental differentiation, growth, and development
Concurrent changes occur in the mother’s body to support the developing fetus and prepare for delivery
Labor and delivery of the infant

Puerperium: return of the mother’s body to the prepregnant state

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16
Q

pregnancy terminology

Gravidity (G)

A

The number of times a woman has been pregnant
Gravidity = Parity + Abortion

17
Q

Pregnancy terminology

Parity (P)

A

The total number of pregnancies reaching the age of viability regardless of the outcome (live birth, stillborn,cesarean delivery, etc.)
Viability: ability to survive or live successfully; ≥ 24 weeks

18
Q

Pregnancy terminolgy

Abortion (A)

A

Number of lost pregnancies prior to the age of viability
Includes both spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) and elective abortions (induced terminations of pregnancy)

19
Q

Pregnancy terminolgy

LMP, Gestational age, EDD

A

Last menstrual period (LMP)
The1stday of a woman’s LMP

Gestational age (weeks, days)
The age of pregnancy calculated from the LMP

Estimated date of delivery (EDD)
Also known as the estimated date of confinement (EDC)
Date when a pregnant woman is expected to give birth
Usually determined during the first prenatal visit
~4–5% of women give birth on their EDD

20
Q
A
21
Q

Pregnancy

duration

A

Counted by completed weeks + completed days of the current week since the LMP

Duration of normal pregnancy:
Full-term pregnancy: 37–42 weeks
Preterm pregnancy: < 37 weeks
Post-term pregnancy: > 42 weeks

Classified into trimesters:
1st trimester: first day of LMP to 13 weeks, 6 days
2nd trimester: 14 weeks, 0 days to 27 weeks, 6 days
3rd trimester: 28 weeks, 0 days to 40 weeks, 6 days

know duration/terms

22
Q

pregnancy

clin man

A

Individuals trying to conceive
Typically present with a positive home pregnancy test

Individuals that do not know they are pregnant

Present with symptoms of early pregnancy, which may include:
Missed periods (amenorrhea)
Irregular bleeding (especially in cases ofectopic pregnancyand/or miscarriage)
Pelvic or abdominalpain/discomfort
Breast engorgementand tenderness
Nausea andvomiting
Fatigue
Frequent urination (typically later in pregnancy)

23
Q

pregnancy

Labs

A

Confirmed based on lab tests and obstetric ultrasound imaging

Laboratory testing
β-hCG
Hormone produced early by the developingembryo → presence indicates pregnancy

β-hCG tests may be:
Qualitative: to detect the presence or absence of β-hCG
Urine or serum test
Reliable approximately 2 weeks after fertilization
Quantitative: to determine serum β-hCG levels
More sensitive, reliable 6–10 days afterfertilization
Can be used to track β-hCG levels when there is a concern for an abnormal pregnancy
Levels should roughly double every 24–48 hours during the 1st month

24
Q

pregnancy

Yolk sac inside a gestational sac: the yolk sac is the “white circle,” which is inside the gestational sac (the “black circle”)
A
24
Q

pregnancy

imaging

A

Imaging
Ultrasound is theobstetric imaging modality of choice to diagnose and date a pregnancy
Purpose of early ultrasounds:
To establish if a viable pregnancy is present
To establish the location of the pregnancy (R/Oectopic pregnancy)
To determine the number of fetuses
Dating

24
Q

pregnancy

1st trimester findings

A

Presence of a gestational sac:
1st visible finding of pregnancy is seen around 4.5–5 weeks
Ahypoechoiccircle within the uterine cavity, surrounded byhyperechoicendometrium
Should be visible in theuterusif quantitative serum β-hCG is >2,000 mIU/mL

Presence of a yolk sac:
A thinhyperechoicring within the gestational sac
1st visible around 5–6weeks and disappears around 10 weeks

Presence of a fetal pole with a heartbeat: visible around 5.5–6weeks

24
Q

Dating a pregnancy using ultrasound

A

1st trimester: measuring the crown-rump length of the fetal pole

2nd and 3rd trimesters: calculated using a formula by considering measurements of biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length

24
Q

pregnancy

Establishing the EDD from LMP

A

Calculating the EDD from the LMP:
The date that falls exactly 40 weeks after the LMP
Calculated by adding 9 months + 7 days to the LMP or subtracting 3 months from the LMP and adding 7 days

24
Q

Establishing the EDD by ultasound

A

Measure the crown-rump length and compare to an established table
Ultrasound dating is most accurate in the 1st trimester before genetic variation and the effects of intrauterine environment begin to have greater effects on fetal growth
Calculating the EDD from the LMP is themost accuratemethod to date a pregnancyifthat EDD is consistent with the dates obtained from the ultrasound
If the LMP is unknown, a 1st-trimester ultrasound is the next most accurate way to date a pregnancy