Memory- types of LTM AO1

Question 1

Who proposed the different types of LTM?

Answer 1

Tulving (1972)

Question 2

What are the three types of LTM?

Answer 2

Procedural

Episodic

Semantic

Question 3

What are procedural memories and example?

Answer 3

Memories of skills, muscle memories
(e.g. remembering how to ride a bike)

Question 4

Where are procedural memories located in the brain?

Answer 4

Motor cortex

Cerebellum

Question 5

Can procedural memories be explained verbally?

Answer 5

Very difficult to explain verbally –>
non-declarative

Question 6

Are procedural memories in conscious awareness or not?

Answer 6

Performed implicitly (unconsciously)

Question 7

Are procedural memories affected by amnesia?

Answer 7

Procedural memories more resistant to forgetting/amnesia

Question 8

Are procedural memories stored in relation to time and place?

Answer 8

May not recall when we learnt/encoded procedural memories, often learnt in childhood

Question 9

What are episodic memories and example?

Answer 9

Memories of events
(e.g. remembering a family holiday)

Question 10

Where are episodic memories located in the brain?

Answer 10

Hippocampus

Question 11

Can episodic memories be explained verbally?

Answer 11

Can be expressed verbally (declarative)

Question 12

Are episodic memories in conscious awareness or not?

Answer 12

Recalled consciously

Question 13

Are episodic memories affected by amnesia?

Answer 13

Commen to lose as a result of forgetting or amnesia

Question 14

Are episodic memory stored in relation to time and place?

Answer 14

Stored with a reference to time and place

Question 15

What are semantic memories and example?

Answer 15

Memories of facts, names, or meanings
(e.g. remembering names or the capital of France)

Question 16

Where are semantic memory located in the brain?

Answer 16

Hippocampus

Question 17

Can semantic memories be explained verbally?

Answer 17

Can be expressed verbally (declarative)

Question 18

Are semantic memories in conscious awareness or not?

Answer 18

Recalled consciously

Question 19

Are semantic memories affected by amnesia?

Answer 19

Common to lose as a result of forgetting/amnesia

Question 20

Are semantic memory stored in relation to time and place?

Answer 20

May not recall when we learned/encoded these memories

Question 21

What is evidence for the different types of LTM?

Answer 21

Research and patients with amnesia

Question 22

What is typical memory like in amnesic patients?

Answer 22

Difficulty in retaining episodic and semantic information

Cannot store new episodic or semantic memories

Procedural memory appears to be largely unaffected –> can recall skills already learnt and acquire new procedural skills

Question 23

How can different types of LTM used to evaluate the MSM?

Answer 23

MSM says that LTM is one unitary store –> cannot be correct due to 3 different types of LTM existing so MSM cannot be accurate