Memory- types of LTM AO1 Flashcards
Who proposed the different types of LTM?
Tulving (1972)
What are the three types of LTM?
Procedural
Episodic
Semantic
What are procedural memories and example?
Memories of skills, muscle memories
(e.g. remembering how to ride a bike)
Where are procedural memories located in the brain?
Motor cortex
Cerebellum
Can procedural memories be explained verbally?
Very difficult to explain verbally –>
non-declarative
Are procedural memories in conscious awareness or not?
Performed implicitly (unconsciously)
Are procedural memories affected by amnesia?
Procedural memories more resistant to forgetting/amnesia
Are procedural memories stored in relation to time and place?
May not recall when we learnt/encoded procedural memories, often learnt in childhood
What are episodic memories and example?
Memories of events
(e.g. remembering a family holiday)
Where are episodic memories located in the brain?
Hippocampus
Can episodic memories be explained verbally?
Can be expressed verbally (declarative)
Are episodic memories in conscious awareness or not?
Recalled consciously
Are episodic memories affected by amnesia?
Commen to lose as a result of forgetting or amnesia
Are episodic memory stored in relation to time and place?
Stored with a reference to time and place
What are semantic memories and example?
Memories of facts, names, or meanings
(e.g. remembering names or the capital of France)
Where are semantic memory located in the brain?
Hippocampus
Can semantic memories be explained verbally?
Can be expressed verbally (declarative)
Are semantic memories in conscious awareness or not?
Recalled consciously
Are semantic memories affected by amnesia?
Common to lose as a result of forgetting/amnesia
Are semantic memory stored in relation to time and place?
May not recall when we learned/encoded these memories
What is evidence for the different types of LTM?
Research and patients with amnesia
What is typical memory like in amnesic patients?
Difficulty in retaining episodic and semantic information
Cannot store new episodic or semantic memories
Procedural memory appears to be largely unaffected –> can recall skills already learnt and acquire new procedural skills
How can different types of LTM used to evaluate the MSM?
MSM says that LTM is one unitary store –> cannot be correct due to 3 different types of LTM existing so MSM cannot be accurate
