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Attachment- AO1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

An emotional, loving and reciprocal tie between a child and caregiver

Involves seeking to gain and maintain a degree of proximity to object of attachment

Stressed on separation

Joy on reunion

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2
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When infants coordinate the actions with caregivers an interaction flows both ways

Responding to parents’ behaviour

Matching actions

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Emphasis on emotional factors rather than behaviour

Parent’s speech and infants behaviour become synchronised–> direct response, mirroring

Sustain communication as if they are one person

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4
Q

What does interactional synchrony/symbolic exchnages result in?

A

Results in coordination of their social behaviour

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5
Q

What hypothesis did Melzoff develop after his research?

A

‘Like me’ hypothesis

Imitation is innate and understanding of other’s mental state is consequence

Reciprocity and interactional synchrony key for development

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6
Q

Who carried out observational research into stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer

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7
Q

What is the first stage of attachment?

A

Asocial (pre attachment)

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8
Q

What age is asocial attachment?

A

0-6 weeks

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9
Q

What is asocial attachment?

A

Similar responses to all people

No preference for parents

Preference for humans over non humans

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10
Q

What is second stage of attachment?

A

Indiscrimnate attachments

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11
Q

What age is indiscrimnate attachment?

A

6 weeks - 6 months

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12
Q

What is indiscriminate attachment?

A

Ability to distinguish between people

Comforted indiscriminately (no fear of strangers)

Stronger bonds with familiar adults develop

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13
Q

What is third stage of attachment?

A

Discriminate attachment

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14
Q

What age is discriminate attachment?

A

7-10 months

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15
Q

What is discriminate attachment?

A

One primary attachment figure

Separation anxiety when away from primary attachment

Fear of strangers

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16
Q

What is final stage of attachment?

A

Multiple attachments

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17
Q

What age is multiple attachments?

A

10 months onwards

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18
Q

What is multiple attachments?

A

Attachment with primary carer grows

Increased interest in developing bonds with others (e.g. grandparents, siblings)

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19
Q

What is a longitudinal method of research? (used in Schaffer and Emerson)

A

Gathers a singular group and takes a lot of measurements over a long time

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20
Q

Why do psychologists use animals to contribute to understanding of human behaviour?

A

Considered practical and ethical

Based on evolutionary theory

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21
Q

What are advantages of using animals?

A

Reduces demand characteristics due to lack of self awareness from animals

More controlled and easier to control

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22
Q

What are problems of using animals to contribute to understanding of human behaviour?

A

Animal rights, animals can’t give consent

Specieism

Cannot generalise from animal experiments to humans, extrapolation issues

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23
Q

What are the 2 explanations of attachment?

A

The Learning Theory

Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

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24
Q

What are the two parts of the learning theory?

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

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25
Q

Who proposed classical conditioning?

A

John Watson

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26
Q

What is classical conditioning simple explanation?

A

Learning through association or linking things together

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27
Q

What is classical conditioning in attachment?

A

Baby will naturally react positively to food –> unconditioned stimulus

Repeated association with food and primary caregiver will become a conditioned stimulus –> basis of attachment bond

Associate caregiver with joy as have learnt they are associated with food then eventually caregiver alone provides happiness

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28
Q

What is operant conditioning (general)?

A

Focusses on importance of consequences (reward and punishment)

Rewarded behaviours repeated by individuals –> positive reinforcement

Behave in such ways to avoid negative outcomes –> negative reinforcement

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29
Q

Who linked operant conditioning and attachment?

A

Dollard and Miller (1950)

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30
Q

What is operant conditioning in attachment?

A

Baby’s reward for crying = food

Baby realises that crying is rewarded with food so is likely to repeat behaviour as it is positively reinforced

Baby will cry or seek to be with caregiver to receive the food

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31
Q

What is the primary caregiver’s role in operant conditioning?

A

Primary caregiver = secondary reinforcer

Caregiver alleviates hunger and is linked to reward

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32
Q

What is the primary reinforcer?

A

Food

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33
Q

What is the secondary reinforcer?

A

Caregiver

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34
Q

What is ‘cupboard love’ expression?

A

Refers to affection that is given purely to gain a reward

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35
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

Focusses on importance of early childhood relationships with parents

Abnormalities created if relationships not positive

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36
Q

What two approaches is Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory?

A

Evolutionary (biological)

Psychodynamic

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37
Q

What does Bowlby’s theory state?

A

That attachment is biologically pre-programmed into children to aid survival

Adaptiveness

Innate

38
Q

Why is attachment good for both baby and caregiver?

A

Baby –> survival, food, love, relationship

Carer –> purpose, mental wellbeing, care for when elderly

39
Q

What is adaptiveness?

A

Attachment is an advantageous trait as it enables us to survive better

40
Q

How does Bowlby’s theory link to Lorenz?

A

Bowlby also thought that humans must develop attachments in a set time (critical period)

41
Q

What did Bowlby say the critical period for attachment was?

A

Approx. up to 2.5 years of age

42
Q

What did Bowlby claim happens if attachment is not formed or is broken within the critical period?

A

That attachment will never be formed correctly and will be too late for a normal attachment to ever form

Negative consequences for development and all future relationships

43
Q

What is the sensitive period?

A

Bowlby’s revised, extended period of 5 years in which attachments can be formed

44
Q

What are the psyhodynamic principles of Bowlby’s theory?

A

Emphasises the importance of relationship between child and one primary caregiveer during critical period

45
Q

What does monotropy mean?

A

Infants form attachment with one main person (usually the mother)

Monotropic relationship supersedes all other’s in importance

46
Q

What did Bowlby claim happens if mother-child bond was missing, incomplete or negative?

A

Lead to development issues for child –> delinquency, poor mental health, poor future relationships

Maternal deprivation hypothesis –> permanent and irreversible

47
Q

What is the internal working model?

A

Bowlby’s claim that early attachments form a schema/blue print for all future attachments

Socialisation is acquired

48
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

Idea that all future relationships will take on the qualities of the primary attachment relationship due to the schema guiding our relationship expectations and behavioural style

49
Q

What are social releases?

A

Innate behaviours that infants emit which adults are biologically attuned

Crying, gripping, smiling, physical appearance

50
Q

What did Bowlby say about multiple attachments?

A

Believed that other attachments were of minor importance compared to main attachment bond which should be mother

51
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson say about multiple attachments?

A

Equal importance

Attachments combine to help form a child’s internal working model

Babies form attachments with whoever responds sensitively to their needs

52
Q

When did Schaffer and Emerson propose infants can form multiple attachments?

A

By 10 months old with wider family members

53
Q

What is traditional view of fathers role in attachment?

A

Seen to play a minor role in parenting

Biologically unsuitable

Father went out to work and mother raised children

54
Q

What did this traditional view of fathers create in society?

A

Cultural/social expectations that childbearing is stereotypically feminine

Deterred males from role even if they wanted to

55
Q

What did Bowly claim about the role of the father?

A

Not possible for father to have role

Attachment bond created within critical period should be monotropic and with mother for normal development to take place

Father more likely to engage in physical active play and tends to be child’s preferred play companion

56
Q

What does sosiety now claim about the role of the father?

A

That they can demonstrate sensitive responsiveness and can form string attachments

Now norm for mothers to have a job

57
Q

Who was Mary Ainsworth?

A

Carried out naturalistic observations in Uganda

Wanted to develop a more valid and reliable way to test quality of attachment

Devised an assessment technique called the Strange Situation Classification to investigate how attachments may vary between children

58
Q

What were the behaviours which were assessed in strange situation?

A

Willingness to explore

Separation anxiety

Stranger anxiety

Reunion behaviour

59
Q

What were the 3 attachment types?

A

Secure

Insecure avoidant

Insecure resistant

60
Q

What behaviour is recorded with secure attachment?

A

Separation anxiety –> some distress, normal

Stranger anxiety –> upset/wary, stranger able to provide some comfort

Reunion behaviour–> runs to mother, greets her enthusiastically, calm infant easily

Willingness to explore–> caregiver as secure base in unfamiliar room

61
Q

What behaviour is recorded with insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Separation anxiety –> no sign of distress

Stranger anxiety –> plays normally with stranger present

Reunion behaviour–> little interest when mother returns

Willingness to explore–> confident explorer

62
Q

What behaviour is recorded with insecure resistant attachment?

A

Separation anxiety –> intense distress

Stranger anxiety –> very wary of stranger, stays away

Reunion behaviour–> approaches mother, resists contact, pushes her away, cannot find comfort

Willingness to explore–> explores less, cries more

63
Q

What is the caregiver sensitivity hypothesis?

A

Idea that less sensitive mothers who did not respond to infants needs and did not interact enough –> result in anxious, insecurely attached children

Based on upbringing/nuture determining adult personalities

64
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Using one’s own culture as benchmark to judge behaviour of those in other cultures

View that one’s own group is centre of everything against which all other groups are judged

65
Q

What does ethnocentrism often lead to?

A

Overestimating importance and worth of people in own group

Underestimating importance and worth of people not I own group

Psychologists ignoring views and culture of another society when conducting research

66
Q

What does ethnocentrism often lead to?

A

Overestimating importance and worth of people in own group

Underestimating importance and worth of people not in own group

Psychologists ignoring views and culture of another society when conducting research

67
Q

What is predominant view in psychology?

A

White, male, mainly USA

Led to bias against other groups who share different values

68
Q

What is imposed etic?

A

Used to describe act of using methods developed in one culture to test another culture where method may not actually be relevant, useful or valid

69
Q

What is strange siuation link to ethnocentrism?

A

Issue of imposed etic with SS as tool to measure attachment

May make it appear that other culture are worse due to having more insecurely attached children than USA but actually due to different child-rearing practices

Judged against American standards

70
Q

What are strengths of cross cultural research?

A

Removes cultural bias

Discovers differences between cultures

Reduces ethnocentrism of a theory as uses culturally diverse and wider sample

71
Q

What are weaknesses of cross cultural research?

A

Time consuming

Expensive

Researchers may be subjective, language barriers, different cultures

Imposed etic –> results in invalid results

72
Q

What is meta anyalysis?

A

Results from large number of studies that have focused on same hypothesis and same method combined together

Create an overall conclusion/comparison

Type of secondary data –> uses data not collected for purpose of study itself but exists already for another purpose

73
Q

What are strengths of meta analysis?

A

Increases sample size so improves generalisability of findings

Less time consuming

Less expensive

Can identifiy trends across large number of studies

74
Q

What are weaknesses of meta analysis?

A

Many studies used may have small sample sizes so not representative of target population

May not be existing studies available in certain areas

Cannot be sure studies were carried out in same way, unreliable, may be errors in original studies

75
Q

What is deprivation?

A

When attachment which has been formed has been broken/lost in short term or long term (e.g. hospitalisation) or permanently (through death)

Bowlby –> harmful to a child’s development

76
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?

A

Due to importance placed on monotropic relationship for all future development and relationships, that if this mother-child bond was missing, incomplete or negative it would lead to development issues

77
Q

What did Bowlby believe about effects of maternal deprivation?

A

Permanent and irreversible due to fixed window of critical/sensitive period

78
Q

What did Bowlby believe were the possible effects of maternal deprivation on a child’s development?

A

Delinquency

Depression

Being an affectionless psychopath- lack of emotion/empathy

Social maladjustment- issues with interactions

Low IQ

Aggression

Dwarfism

79
Q

What is privation?

A

Failure to ever form an attachment

Can be caused by extreme neglect where children are raised in isolation or by death of both parents and children being raised in institutions

80
Q

What is institutionalisation?

A

Living arrangements outside of family/family home, results in either deprivation or privation

No opportunity to form monotropic attachment bond within critical period

Negative effects of deprivation and privation

Child adapts to rules and norms of institution, loss of personal identity due to deindividuation, can impair functioning

81
Q

What are examples of institutions?

A

Children’s homes

Hospitals

Orphanages

Hostels

82
Q

What are some of the specific effects of institutionalisation?

A

Low IQ

Delayed language development

Quasi-autsim

Dishinibted attachment

Disorganised attachment

Delayed physical growth

Impaired adult relationships

83
Q

What is quasi-autism?

A

Poor communication

Poor socialisation

Lack of understanding other’s emotion

Lack of eye contact

84
Q

What is disinhibited attachment?

A

Actively approaches, interacts and shows affection to unfamiliar adults

85
Q

What is disorganised attachment?

A

Lacks strategy to deal with separation anxiety and behaves unpredictably

86
Q

Why is the internal working model important?

A

Forms a schema/blueprint from the monotropic attachment to help form future relationships and healthy attachments

Aids survival if healthy attachment

87
Q

What is the reactive attachment disorder?

A

Consequence of not developing schema of healthy relationships

No internal working model of relationships, child behaves inappropriately in relationship situations

Shy and withdrawn OR over friendly and attention seeking

88
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

Take measurements over many years

Opposite of cross sectional

Looks at long term impacts, assessed without changing participants, no problem of individual differences

Take a lot of planning and time

89
Q

Why are natural experiments the main source of information about the effects of privation?

A

Only way to research it as would be highly unethical to create these scenarios

Natural experiments all study of real problems, high in mundane realism

90
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

Sees children’s attachment types being reflected in their later relationships

Continuity between early attachment and later relationships

Due to formation of internal working model- forms our expectations for all future relationships, schema/blueprint

91
Q

What is an example of the continuity hypothesis?

A

A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable and sensitive caregiver will assume that this is how relationships are meant to be

Will seek out functional relationships

92
Q

What would happen to a child who had bad experiences of their first attachment?

A

Would seek out dysfunctional relationships (unconsciously)

Similar experience to first attachment

Less likely to have successful peer relationships

Less romantic relationships as an adult

Psychology (13 decks)

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