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Memory- MSM AO1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Looking at the processing of information in the human mind –> taking a theoretic, abstract approach by creating models of thought

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2
Q

What does it mean to say a model is theoretical?

A

It is a representation of the steps involved in internal mental processes but we would not expect to physically see them in the brain

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3
Q

Why do cognitive psychologists make theoretical models?

A

Give research a focus and direction

Allow us to predict future mental processes

Help us understand what people with problems may be missing or struggling with

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4
Q

Who created the Multi-Store Model of memory (MSM)?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968

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5
Q

What does the MSM say about memory?

A

Information flows from one storage system to another

Linear

3 permanent and separate structures

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6
Q

What are the 3 structures of memory in the MSM model?

A

Sensory memory

Short term memory (STM)

Long term memory (LTM)

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7
Q

What is coding?

A

Converting information from environment into a form that can be stored in memory

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8
Q

What is capacity?

A

Amount of information that can be stored in each area of memory

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9
Q

What is duration?

A

Length of time that information can be stored before it is lost or replaced

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10
Q

What is attention?

A

Focussing on environmental stimuli to start storing it in STM

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11
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repeating the information in auditory form over and over in order to hold it in our memory

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12
Q

What is the sensory register?
(MSM)

A

Equivalent to any one of the senses

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13
Q

How is sensory register encoded?
(MSM)

A

In original form

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14
Q

How does capacity of sensory register work?
(MSM)

A

Picks up stimuli from environment

Very large capacity

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15
Q

What is duration of sensory register?
(MSM)

A

Around 0.5 secs due to trace decay –> info first arrives at senses but doesn’t stay long

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16
Q

What happens if attention is focussed on information in sensory register?
(MSM)

A

It is transferred to STM

17
Q

What happens to information that is not focused on?
(MSM)

A

It is ignored and lost to save space and prepare for more new information

18
Q

What is STM?
(MSM)

A

Temporary store for incoming information which we have paid attention to

19
Q

How is STM encoded?
(MSM)

A

Acoustically (by sound)

20
Q

How is information maintained in STM?
(MSM)

A

Through maintenance rehearsal which takes form of acoustic repetition

21
Q

What is duration of STM?
(MSM)

A

Around 18 secs

22
Q

What is capacity of STM?
(MSM)

A

Limited to only 5-9 items (7 +/- 2 items )

23
Q

How is information transferred from STM to LTM?

A

Elaborative rehearsal (adding meaning) –> idea that the more something is rehearsed the better it will be remembered

24
Q

What is LTM?
(MSM)

A

Hold lasting memories that have been created by rehearsal

25
How is LTM encoded? (MSM)
Mainly semantically (by meaning) but can be visual and auditory
26
What is capacity of LTM? (MSM)
Unlimited
27
What is duration of LTM? (MSM)
Lifetime
28
How is information recalled in LTM? (MSM)
Retrieval (when information is located for use)
29
What counts as LTM?
Storage of information longer than 30 secs
30
How does information flow in MSM?
In a linear way --> had to go through stores in order and cannot skip over any)
31
What is rehearsal?
Process by which short term memories are transferred into long term memories
32
What is serial position effect?
Memory affected by position of the word More likely to recall words from start and end of list More likely to forget words in the middle of the list
33
What is primary and recency effect?
Words early in the list put into LTM (primary effect) as participant has more time to rehearse Words from end of list put into STM (recency effect) Words in middle of list been there too long to be held in STM but not long enough to be in LTM
34
What are strengths of lab experiments?
Standardised procedures allows replication Results more likely to be accurate Controlled environment
35
Why do lab experiments not fully support the multistore model?
Many of studies use artificial and unmeaningful tasks which are not ways in which we use memory in everyday lives
36
What is research evidence which contradicts the claim that LTM is a single unitary store?
Case study of Clive Wearing
37
How do the findings from Wearing's case support MSM?
STM is separate to LTM --> can damage one and other can remain intact STM has very short duration
38
How does Wearings' case criticise MSM?
Not true that there is only one kind of LTM --> not one unitary store like it claims as Wearing lost declarative memory but his non-declarative memory was still intact

Psychology (13 decks)

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