memory - types of long term memory Flashcards
what is declarative memory
memory that can be put into words
what is non declarative memory
memory that is difficult to put into words
what is explicit memory
memory that is consciously recalled
what is implicit memory
memory that cannot be consciously recalled
which types of memory are declarative and explicit
semantic and episodic
which type of memory is non declarative and implicit
procedural
what is semantic memory
facts, meanings and concepts about the world
what is episodic memory
memory of experiences
what is procedural memory
memory of skills
how are the different types of ltm time stamped
episodic: time stamped with reference to time and place
semantic: not time stamped as may not recall when learnt
procedural: not time stamped as often learnt in childhood
how easy are the different types of ltm to forget
episodic: easiest to forget
semantic: resistant to forgetting
procedural: very resistant to forgetting
what influences the strength of the types of long term memory
episodic: level of emotion felt at time
semantic: how deeply processed
procedural: how many times practiced
where are the different types of ltm coded in the brain
episodic: prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
semantic: parahippocampal cortex
procedural: motor cortex and cerebellum
what was varga khadems research
he investigated 3 young patients who all had damage to their hippocampus but avoided significant damage to their nearby parahippocampal cortices
what were varga khadems findings
all 3 patients had very significant episodic amnesia however all were able to attend school and learn semantic information
what do varga khadems findings suggest
semantic and episodic memory are distinct processes using different brain regions
who is clive wearing
a man with retrograde amnesia who cannot remember his music education ( episodic ) however he can still play the piano ( procedural ) and remember facts about his life ( semantic ). he is unable to encode new semantic or episodic memories due to also having anterograde amnesia but is able to gain new procedural memories
what does the case study of clive wearing suggest about the types of long term memory
that semantic, episodic and procedural memory all exist as separate processes as clive lacks episodic completely, can recall but not encode semantic memories and has a fully functioning procedural memory.
what are the strengths of types of ltm
- has allowed researchers to study the brain and memory more scientifically using fMRIS
- allows for development of treatments
what are the weaknesses of types of ltm
- studys use people with brain injury, it is unsure what their memory was like before
- semantic and episodic memory seem like the same thing it is argued it should be declarative and non declarative memory
