Memory Models

Question 1

Three stages of remembering information identified by MSMM

Answer 1

STSS

STM

LTM

Question 2

STSS

Answer 2

Holds large amount of info but for only 1 second

Receives information from senses, filters it via selective attention

Question 3

Selective attention

Answer 3

Relevant information is focused on and attended to and is passed to STM

irrelevant information is discarded

Question 4

STM

Answer 4

Stores 5-9 items
For 18-30 seconds

If information is rehearsed via the rehearsal loop it passes into LTM

Information can be held in STM via chunking

Question 5

Chunking

Answer 5

Grouping different pieces of information together so it is remembered as one piece of information

Question 6

LTM

Answer 6

Contains well learned information and motor programmes that have been rehearsed

Unlimited capacity
Unlimited duration

Information is “encoded” into LTM from STM if it has been rehearsed

Information is “retrieved” from LTM when STM needs it

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

Movement of information from LTM to STM

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

Movement of information from STM to LTM

Question 9

+ of MSMM

Answer 9

Simplifies memory process

Explains what may be wrong with those who have brain damage

Question 10

• of MSMM

Answer 10

Too simple

Question 11

Application to learning and performing skills MSMM

Answer 11

STSS receives information from the senses, filters out irrelevant such as the crowd, focusses on relevant such as where the able is, sends information to STM

STM is involved in judgements and perceiving aspects such as the flight path of the ball

LTM is responsible for choosing the relevant MP to send back to STM so it can send the information to the muscles about what movement to perform

Question 12

Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model

Answer 12

It seeks to explain what we do with information rather than how it is stored

Question 13

Information received by the brain will be transferred to LTM (and remembered) if it is:

Answer 13

Considered

Understood

Has meaning (is related to past enemies)

Question 14

How much information is considered is called

Answer 14

The depth of processing

Question 15

The deeper the information is processed…

Answer 15

The longer the memory trace will last

Question 16

Memory trace

Answer 16

When brain cells retain or store information

Question 17

The three levels related to processing verbal information

Answer 17

Structural level: paying attention to what the words look like (shallowest processing level)

Phonetic level: processing the words and sounds

Semantic level: considered the actual meaning of the words (deepest level of processing)

Question 18

+ of level of processing model

Answer 18

Explains if we understand information we are likely to remember it

Explains the longer we consider and analyse information the more we remember it

Question 19

• of level of processing model

Answer 19

Difficult to know what deep processing involves

Does not take into account individual differences

Taking more time to process information doesn’t necessarily lead to better recall

Question 20

Application to learning and performance

Levels of processing

Answer 20

When learning skills, make the information meaningful then the performer is more likely to learn the information and remember how to do the information

Association - join new information to past information

Mental imagery - going over the skill mentally

Avoiding overload - focus on relevant info