Memory: Long-Term Memories

Question 1

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

Answer 1

Encoding Specificity

Question 2

form of encoding specificity referring to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information

Answer 2

Context-dependent Learning

Question 3

form of encoding specificity where memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state

Answer 3

State-dependent Learning

Question 4

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues

Answer 4

Recall

Question 5

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

Answer 5

Recognition

Question 6

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

Answer 6

Serial Position Effect

Question 7

tendency to remember information
at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

Answer 7

Primacy Effect

Question 8

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it

Answer 8

Recency Effect

Question 9

occurs when a person thinks that he or she has recognized (or even recalled) something or someone but in fact does not have that something or someone in memory

Answer 9

False Positive

Question 10

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter longterm memory with little or no effortful encoding

Answer 10

Automatic Encoding

Question 11

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it

Answer 11

Flashbulb Memories

Question 12

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

Answer 12

Constructive Processing

Question 13

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the out- come of an event

Answer 13

Hindsight Bias

Question 14

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

Answer 14

Misinformation Effect