Development: Infancy and Childhood Development Flashcards
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Cognitive Development
in this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events
Schemes
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
Sensorimotor Stage
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Object Permanence
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
Preoperational Stage
the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
Egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
Centration
in Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature
Conservation
in Piaget’s theory, the inability
of the young child to mentally reverse an action
Irreversibility
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking
Concrete Operations Stage
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking
Formal Operations Stage
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
Scaffolding
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up;” the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
Temperament
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
Attachment
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life
Self-Concept
