Learning: Classical Conditioning Flashcards
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Learning
change due to biology, not experience
Maturation
Russian physiologist who pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of a particular kind of learning
Ivan Pavlov
an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice
Reflex
any object, event, or experience that causes a response, the reaction of an organism
Stimulus
In Pavlov’s classic experiment, what is the stimulus?
Food
In Pavlov’s classic experiment, what is the response?
Salivation
learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response
Classical Conditioning
in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
repeated pairing of an NS and the UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
Acquisition
Basic Principles about Classical Conditioning:
- CS must come ______ the UCS.
- CS and UCS must come very ______ together in time.
- Neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS ______ times.
- CS is usually some stimulus that is ______.
- CS must come before the UCS.
- CS and UCS must come very close together in time.
- Neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times.
- CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive.
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Extinction
the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Spontaneous Recovery
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Higher-Order Conditioning
modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
Cognitive Perspective
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Vicarious Conditioning
referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
Biological Preparedness
