Learning: Operant Conditioning Flashcards
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is based on the research of?
Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Law of Effect
any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli
Operant
any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again
Reinforcers
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Primary Reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Secondary Reinforcer
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
Partial Reinforcement Effect
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
Continuous Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Punishment
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by Application
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
Punishment by Removal
any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Shaping
tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Instinctive Drift
the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
Behavior Modification
the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
Token Economy
process wherein organism is being “removed” from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention
Time-Out
modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
Biofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
Neurofeedback
