memory lecture 1 Flashcards
what is memory
coleman 2015
-psychological function of preserving info, involving process of encoding, storage and retrieval
what is encoding
converting info into a different form
what is storage
act or process of storing anything in memory
what is retrieval
act or process of retrieving anything e.g recovering encoded info from storage and bringing to consciousness
what is the STM
coleman 2015
holds limited info for brief periods of time
what is the LTM
coleman 2015
memory containing info for 30s to many decades
what is the capacity of stm
a few items, typically 7
duration of stm
a few seconds
capacity of ltm
essentially unlimited
duration of ltm
up to several decades
what are the 3 stages of memory processing
1.encoding
2.storage
3.retrieval
what is a unitary store model
model that features a single memory store
what is a multi memory store model
model that features several memory stores
multi store model of memory (MSM)
atkinson and shiffrin 1968
attention rehearsal sensory store-----------STM--------------LTM
decay displacement inference
sensory store
-modality specific
-sensory stores for all senses e.g vision, touch, taste etc
-holds info for short time
what are the two types of sensory store
iconic memory: sensory store for visual info for 250-1000 ms
echoic memory: sensory store for auditory info (2-3secs)
transfer from sensory store to stm
some info is transferred to stm from the sensory store
what is chunking
miller
-groups of items treated as a single item
-easier to remember more in chunks
how can chunking be made easier
by referring to info from the ltm e.g easier to remember 9 letters if they can be remembered in 3 chunks of acronyms than 9 random letters
what is double dissociation
shallice and warrington 1970
when some patients with brain damage may have damage to LTM but have a functioning STM and other patients may have damaged STM but functioning LTM
what is single dissociation
when patients have damage to A but functioning B and cannot show the opposite
e.g there cannot be damage to B and have a functioning A
e.g babies and the elderly can walk but not run, there are no people who can run but not walk
weakness of atkinson and shiffrin MSM
they suggest STM is a gateway from the sensory store to the LTM but this may be incorrect
-the STM may hold its own
what is the working memory model WMM
baddeley and hitch 1974
-limited capacity system used in processing and brief holding of info
WMM diagram
central executive
phonological loop visuo spatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
episodic LTM
compare the working memory to STM
working memory = storage and manipulation of info
STM = just storage of info
what are the visuo spatial sketchpad and phonological loops
stores
what is the visuo spatial sketchpad
-stores visual info
-remembering what and where
-helps us find routes e.g walking to the shops
loggie 1995 findings
-found the visuo spatial sketchpad contains two separate components
1. visual cache: stores info about colour and visual form
2. inner scribe: deals with spatial and movement info
smith and jonides 1997
-pp presented with 2 stimuli at same time and performed 2 tasks (1 visual and 1 spatial)
-even though stimuli were identical there was more activity in the L hemisphere for visual tasks
what do smith and jonides 1997 show
visual and spatial tasks are in diff parts of the brain
morey 2008
-we have separate visual and spatial components in the brain
-challenges the assumption that visuo spatial sketchpad acts independently from other systems
