language production: naming Flashcards
what are the 4 main linguistic behaviours
speaking, listening, reading/comprehending, writing
what is single word production known as
naming
what are some of the challenges to calculate someone’s vocab size
- what counts as a word
- how can we generate a test for measuring vocab size
- how do we test if the pp knows the word or not
what is the average vocab size
20,000 - 60,000 words
why is the estimation conservative
1.family of words count as 1 e.g dream, dreamt, dreamer, dreamy all one word
2.proper nouns not counted e.g lilly
3.compounds do not count e.g barefoot, snowman
how many words are selected per second
2-3 words
how many errors per 1000 words
1 or 2
how do we start going through words and select them
-first we initially comprehend what is going on, same level as non verbal animal like a chimp
-the diff is that humans go on to produce words
what does independence mean in context of model of cog processing
-each step of process is independent from each other
-each step located in different regions of brain
-people with brain damage may not be able to visually interpret an apple but if they touch an apple they will be able to produce the word apple
-however its unusual for a patient with brain damage to have one area impaired and all others functioning as brain injuries are normally extensive and most patients have mixed symptoms
what is the model of cog processing
ellis and young 1995
1.object recognition units (faster processing if familiar, we must know what object is for next stages)
2.semantic system (knowledge of word, retrieve names from mem store)
3.speech output lexicon (memory store often called speech output lexicon, our mental dictionary)
4.phonemes (sounds placed together form a word)
5.words
what is an aphasia
-problem with language
-impaired ability to understand or produce speech due to brain damage
what do aphasic language disorders do
they afflict the translation between concepts and sounds
what are the 2 types of aphasia
brocas and wernickes
discovery of brocas area
-paul broca 1861: first series of paper on language and brain, damage to specific portion of brain (now brocas area) results in disturbance of language output
-broca 1865: damage to LH left speech disorder but not if damage was in same region of RH
brocas aphasia
-slow speech production, good comprehension
-telegraphic style speech
-only content words
-effortful distorted articulation
-agrammatical syntax (leaving out auxilleries, articles etc)
what is brocas region
area of motor cortex controlling muscles of face, jaw and tongue etc
wernickes aphasia
-effortless, melodic speech
-unintelligible content, problem with comprehension
-verbal paraphrasias = substituting one word/phrase for another
-phonemic paraphrasias = substitution of incorrect sounds
-preserves rhythm, grammar and articulation
what are circumlocutory phrases
large number of words to express an idea
what aphasia uses circumlocutory phrases
wernickes
what is anomia and its potential causes
impairment in retrieving names
-can arise from diff levels of lexico semantic system:
1.perceptual problems
2.semantic system
3.access to lexicon
4.deterioration of lexicon
5.access to sounds
SRB case study
-38 yr old
-stroke, R hemianopia
-anomia for natural objects (28/38)
-naming errors involved semantic circumlocution (full explanation but cannot come up with name)
-drawings of natural objects worse than controls and worse than drawings of man made objects
-object decision task, which pic does object work best with eg clown with a circus or a church (27/32) - below controls
conclusions of SRB
-deficit in perceptual knowledge
But impaired retrieval of stored perceptual knowledge does not nescessarily preclude access to detailed semantic knowledge from taking place
what anomias/aphasias can come from each stage of cog processing model
1.object recognition unit: perceptual deficit anomia
2.semantic system: category specific anomia
3.speech output lexicon: brocas aphasia
4.phoneme level: wernickes aphasia
function of LH
speaks
writes
capable of thought
judgement
imagination
reasoning
split brain research
sperry
-patients surgery to cut corpus callosum due to epilepsy
-LVF processed in RH and vice versa due to optical nerve crossing to opposing hemisphere
-LH dominant for language
-if word presented in R visual field, pp can say word as LH dominant for lang
-if word presented in LVF pp unable to say word but can draw it from RH
functions of RH
can understand
no speaking or writing
capable of recognising pics
difficult to assess as can process but not produce
expressed only by non verbal responses
SRB brain damage
-damage to LH
-cannot produce lang but could understand
-likely having RH compensating for damage in LH
tip of tongue effect
TOT: temporary difficulty in lexical access
-extreme pauses, can take long time to retrieve name
-strong feelings of knowing
-universal: all languages, children and adults and sign language
-increases with age
-increases with bilingual speakers
who examined TOT
brown and mcneill 1966
-methodology: provide definition and ask pp to come up with word the definition is referring to
-partial info can be retrieved (lexical retrieval not all or nothing)
-sometimes we know things about the word e.g it begins with K or contains ing
-processing can happen in diff ways e.g knowing some phonemes before previous stages
