Memory- Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of memory?
- Explicit memory
- Implicit memory
What is memory?
Process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills, skills learned in the past.
What are the different sub-types of Explicit memory?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
What is Explicit memory?
Clearly stated memory.
What is Implicit memory?
Not clearly stated. AKA- Procedural Memories- skills, habits.
What is Episodic memory?
Memory of a specific event. They are autobiographical. AKA-Flashbulb Memories- special meanings.
What is Semantic Memory?
Facts, words (school).
Describe the Memory Process.
- ) Encoding
- ) Storage
- ) Retrival
Describe Encoding.
The translation of information into something we can use. Different kinds of codes.
What are the different kinds of Encoding?
A.) Visual- see in our mind
B.) Acoustic- say them to our selfs.
C.) Semantic- Try to make sense, making.
Describe the types of Storage.
A.) Maintenance Rehearsal- Repeating it over and over. AKA- Surface Process.
B.) Elaborative Rehearsal- Relating new info. to old info.
Describe Storage.
Maintenance of encoded information over time. Requires strategies.
Describe Retrieval.
Locating stored information, and then returning it to conscious thought.
Explain the different types of Retrieval.
- ) Context Dependent Memories- Memories that return when we are in a certain place.
- ) State Dependent Memories- Memories that are easily retrieved when we are in the same mood as when they were formed.
What are the 3 stages of memory?
- ) Sensory Memory
- ) Short Term Memory
- ) Long Term Memory
What is Sensory Memory?
Stimuli from the outside world.
What are the different kinds of Sensory Memory?
- ) Iconic Memory- Mental pictures of visual stimuli.
- ) Echoic Memory- Mental traces of sound.
- ) Olfactory Memory- Scents and smells.
What’s another term for short term memory?
Working memory.
How much and how long does information stay in a short term memory?
7-9 bits, for about 18-20 seconds.
What is Chunking?
Grouping things together to increase the bits of info.
What is rehearsal?
Repeating things to increase the time it stays in the brain.
How long does ones long term memory last?
Infinity and/or forever.
What are the 3 keys to retrieval tasks?
- ) Recognition
- ) Recall
- ) Relearning
Describe Recognition.
Identifying things that have been encountered before. EX- multiple choice.
Describe Recall.
Non-immediate retrieval. EX- completion, essay question.
Describe Relearning.
Learning again.
What is the Primacy Effect?
Tendency to remember the first item in a list.
Describe the Recency Effect.
Tendency to remember the last item in the list.
What is Frequency?
More practice.
What is Distinctiveness?
Unique, and or different.
What is Organization?
Chunking.
What is a False Memory?
A reconstructive memory-schema.
What is the Decay Theory?
Memories fade over time.
Describe Repression.
Forgetting on purpose. Painful or traumatic experiences.
Who pioneered the term of Repression?
Freud.
Describe Interference.
New info. gets in the way or replaces old info.
What is Amnesia?
Severe memory loss.
What are the different kinds of Amnesia?
- ) Retrograde Amnesia
2. ) Anterograde Amnesia
Describe Retrograde Amnesia.
Forgetting old memories. EX- A concussion.
Describe Anterograde Amnesia.
Can’t form new memories.
What are the different theories to Infantile Amnesia?
- ) Hippocampus isn’t fully developed
- ) No language
- ) Don’t need to remember everything.
