Memory and Learning - Goals Flashcards
Emotion:
Emotion: genetic and acquired motivational predisposition to certain internal or external variables, experiencing physiological reactions and behavior. —> strong emotions show physical reaction.
Experience —> physiological processes —> behavior.
Limbic system:
Limbic system: (Central place of emotions?)
Old part of the brain —> developed from the smell center in the human brain.
Smelling as an integral part of our behavior control.
Neocortical brain regions are also part off the emotional information system
The limbic system is also part of higher cognitive functions
Amygdala:
Amygdala:
Central role in the affective rating of stimuli or events as positive or negative. Also linking stimuli with reward or punishment. (Apes without amygdala can perceive objects perfectly, but do not connect any emotions to it)
Einstellung
Activation (+Interpretation) –> Emotion (+goal orientation) –> Motivation (+Object orientation) –> Einstellung
Bierwerbung –> Gefühl der Natürlichkeit/frische –> Motivation/Lust auf frisches natürliches Bier –> Gute einstellung zu Krombacher auf frisches natürliches Bier
Darwin:
Darwin: emotional expression has survived because it is adaptive in natural selection.
Basic emotions
Plutchik (Fear, Anger, Joy, Grief, Disgust, Surprise, Acceptance, Expectation)
Measurement of emotions
Measurement:
Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Paul Ekman)
Electromyogram
Algorithms (face recognition software)
basic vs. cognitive driving forces
Basic: Emotions, Instinct/Desire
Cognitive: Goal orientation, Action programs
Proximal driving force
Why do i eat the donut –> It tastes good
Ultimate driving force
Why do you eat the donut evolutionary –> Energy
Recognition of liars:
Recognition of liars: bigger pupils/ slightly red in the face/ asymmetrical face expression/ Micro expression: Posed expression is interrupted by real expression shortly / Posen, which hold longer than 5 seconds are fake / Non-Duchenne smile vs. Duchenne smile
Communicative and self-regulating function of emotions
Communicative function: emotions create a specific face expression (two factor theory of face expression: evolutionary programs + display rules of the society)
Self-regulating function: subjective emotional experience depends on face expression: intentional face expression / unintentional face expression / emotional contagion (mimicry)
Antromorphing
Mimicry –> Rolex watch: 10 after 10 –> Human smile
Dimensional Model of emotions
Pleasure vs arousal – Graph
Wrong attribution of physiological arousal
Humans connect (unspecific) arousal (height of bridge) with danger and higher adrenaline –> Call woman (wrong attribution)
Basic human needs
Need for success
Need for power
Need for social connections
Need for uniqueness and freedom
Means End Chains
Which ultimate reason has this product feature?
Concrete feature (Rolex: Gold)
Abstract feature (Signals luxury)
Functional use-component (envious friends)
Psychological use-component (I feel superior)
Instrumental value (I am treated humbly)
Terminal value (I feel power)
Regulatory Focus
Regulatory focus: Basic motivational tendency —> Approach (promotion) vs avoidance (prevention)
Regulatory focus is an chronic personal property as well as the situational varying perception tendency.
Based on the prospect theory it is possible that prevention is stronger. However prevention can have strong side effects, like fear.
Promotion focus
Promotion focus (Macroview / Joy, when success): I want to have a very good exam
Prevention focus
Prevention focus(evolutionary: danger —> tunnel vision / Relief, when success): don’t want to have a bad exam
Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation: behavior only as a means to an end. Obtain something is the reason for the behavior.
Intrinsic motivation: pleasure while doing something is the only reason for doing something
Over-justification effect
Over justification effect: intrinsic motivation already exists —> extrinsic motivation is added
Why is searching for the reason for the own behavior the intrinsic motivation is underrated, while extrinsic motivation is overrated. When intrinsic motivated behavior is extrinsically rewarded, the intrinsic motivation can be destroyed.(Extrinsic motivation is easier to justify)
Task contingent rewards: reward only for the sole execution of the behavior. Quality irrelevant.
Performance contingent rewards: Reward is oriented on the performance of the behavior
