Memory and Learning - Goals

Question 1

Emotion:

Answer 1

Emotion: genetic and acquired motivational predisposition to certain internal or external variables, experiencing physiological reactions and behavior. —> strong emotions show physical reaction.
Experience —> physiological processes —> behavior.

Question 2

Limbic system:

Answer 2

Limbic system: (Central place of emotions?)
Old part of the brain —> developed from the smell center in the human brain.
Smelling as an integral part of our behavior control.
Neocortical brain regions are also part off the emotional information system
The limbic system is also part of higher cognitive functions

Question 3

Amygdala:

Answer 3

Amygdala:
Central role in the affective rating of stimuli or events as positive or negative. Also linking stimuli with reward or punishment. (Apes without amygdala can perceive objects perfectly, but do not connect any emotions to it)

Question 4

Einstellung

Answer 4

Activation (+Interpretation) –> Emotion (+goal orientation) –> Motivation (+Object orientation) –> Einstellung

Bierwerbung –> Gefühl der Natürlichkeit/frische –> Motivation/Lust auf frisches natürliches Bier –> Gute einstellung zu Krombacher auf frisches natürliches Bier

Question 5

Darwin:

Answer 5

Darwin: emotional expression has survived because it is adaptive in natural selection.

Question 6

Basic emotions

Answer 6

Plutchik (Fear, Anger, Joy, Grief, Disgust, Surprise, Acceptance, Expectation)

Question 7

Measurement of emotions

Answer 7

Measurement:
Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Paul Ekman)
Electromyogram
Algorithms (face recognition software)

Question 8

basic vs. cognitive driving forces

Answer 8

Basic: Emotions, Instinct/Desire
Cognitive: Goal orientation, Action programs

Question 9

Proximal driving force

Answer 9

Why do i eat the donut –> It tastes good

Question 10

Ultimate driving force

Answer 10

Why do you eat the donut evolutionary –> Energy

Question 11

Recognition of liars:

Answer 11

Recognition of liars: bigger pupils/ slightly red in the face/ asymmetrical face expression/ Micro expression: Posed expression is interrupted by real expression shortly / Posen, which hold longer than 5 seconds are fake / Non-Duchenne smile vs. Duchenne smile

Question 12

Communicative and self-regulating function of emotions

Answer 12

Communicative function: emotions create a specific face expression (two factor theory of face expression: evolutionary programs + display rules of the society)

Self-regulating function: subjective emotional experience depends on face expression: intentional face expression / unintentional face expression / emotional contagion (mimicry)

Question 13

Antromorphing

Answer 13

Mimicry –> Rolex watch: 10 after 10 –> Human smile

Question 14

Dimensional Model of emotions

Answer 14

Pleasure vs arousal – Graph

Question 15

Wrong attribution of physiological arousal

Answer 15

Humans connect (unspecific) arousal (height of bridge) with danger and higher adrenaline –> Call woman (wrong attribution)

Question 16

Basic human needs

Answer 16

Need for success
Need for power
Need for social connections
Need for uniqueness and freedom

Question 17

Means End Chains

Answer 17

Which ultimate reason has this product feature?
Concrete feature (Rolex: Gold)
Abstract feature (Signals luxury)
Functional use-component (envious friends)
Psychological use-component (I feel superior)
Instrumental value (I am treated humbly)
Terminal value (I feel power)

Question 18

Regulatory Focus

Answer 18

Regulatory focus: Basic motivational tendency —> Approach (promotion) vs avoidance (prevention)
Regulatory focus is an chronic personal property as well as the situational varying perception tendency.

Based on the prospect theory it is possible that prevention is stronger. However prevention can have strong side effects, like fear.

Question 19

Promotion focus

Answer 19

Promotion focus (Macroview / Joy, when success): I want to have a very good exam

Question 20

Prevention focus

Answer 20

Prevention focus(evolutionary: danger —> tunnel vision / Relief, when success): don’t want to have a bad exam

Question 21

Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

Extrinsic motivation: behavior only as a means to an end. Obtain something is the reason for the behavior.

Intrinsic motivation: pleasure while doing something is the only reason for doing something

Question 22

Over-justification effect

Answer 22

Over justification effect: intrinsic motivation already exists —> extrinsic motivation is added

Why is searching for the reason for the own behavior the intrinsic motivation is underrated, while extrinsic motivation is overrated. When intrinsic motivated behavior is extrinsically rewarded, the intrinsic motivation can be destroyed.(Extrinsic motivation is easier to justify)

Task contingent rewards: reward only for the sole execution of the behavior. Quality irrelevant.

Performance contingent rewards: Reward is oriented on the performance of the behavior