Memory and its Dysfunction Flashcards
What is the other term for explicit and implicit memory?
Explicit memory = Declarative memory
Implicit memory = Procedural memory
What is long term potentiation (LTP)?
It is the increase in the efficiency of a specific synapse, which results from activity at the synapse.
What are the 3 substances required for LTP?
NMDA receptors, glutamate and Calcium ions.
Which ion must be removed to open the NMDA receptor?
Magnesium ion
How is the ion removed from the NMDA receptor?
Through depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.
Is declarative or procedural memory affected with damage to entorhinal cortex?
Declarative memory
Is anterograde or retrograde amnesia a result of damage to the entorhinal cortex?
Anterograde memory
Is long-term or short-term memory more severely impaired in Entorhinal cortex lesions?
Long-termed memory
Greater deficits in memory storage for object recognition is found with damage to which areas of the brain as compared to hippocampal damage?
Parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex.
What is the function of the hippocampus?
It is crucial for spatial memory (remembering where you were previously) and “associative learning” (learning to associate information with each other)
What is Kluver-Bucy’s syndrome and describe its symptoms.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobe, especially the amygdala.
Results in:
Visual agnosia
Hyperorality/Hyperphagia
Hypersexuality
Emotional changes: Tameness and flattened affect
EMotional memory impairments
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? Describe its symptoms.
Korsakoff’s syndrome is lesions in the diencephalon (thalamus), mamillary bodies, etc, which is caused by thiamin deficiency. Common in chronic alcoholism. Symptoms are confabulation and confusion.
Is Parkinson’s a procedural or declarative disorder?
Procedural memory disorder
Which area of the brain is damaged in declarative memory damage?
Entorhinal cortex
Which area of the brain is damaged in procedural memory damage?
Striatum
Is aphasia a procedural or declarative memory disorder?
Declarative
Which cerebral artery affects procedural memory?
Middle cerebral artery
Which cerebral artery affects declarative memory?
Posterior cerebral artery
What protein aggregates are seen in:
a) Dementia with Lewy Bodies
b) Parkinson’s disorder
c) Alzheimer’s disease
a) Dementia with Lewy bodies: alpha-synuclein
b) Parkinson’s disorder: alpha-synuclein
c) Alzheimer’s disease: A-beta (1-40, 1-42), and tau proteins (3R, 4R)
What changes in kinases and phosphorylases are there in Alzheimer’s disease?
Increased expression of kinases and decreased expression of phosphorylases in AD.
Where does the amyloid plaques forms?
Where do the neurofibrillary tangles form? What are they made up of?
Amyloid plaques form in the extracellular matrix of the cerebral cortex.
Neurofibrillary tangles are formed from hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. They are formed intracellularly.
Where are the histological changes in Alzheimer’s disease first noticed? How does it progress?
Histological changes in Alzheimer’s disease is first noticed in the limbic system, which then progresses into the cerebral cortex.
What is characteristically seen in Dementia with Lewy bodies?
Characteristic neuropathologic substrate are lewy bodies mainly composed of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin.
What consist of accumulations of both the beta-amyloid and tau proteins?
Neuritic plaques
