Memory and EWT Flashcards
Who found the multi store model
Atkinson and shiffrin
What is the sensory store?
It holds incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time
What is the capacity, duration and encoding of sensory memory?
Capacity- huge
Duration - 0-2 seconds
Encoding - echoic and iconic
What is the capacity of short term memory?
And how was this found?
Millers magic number - 7+- 2
Miller found that people could remember between 5 and 9 musical notes in their stm
What is the duration of short term memory and how was this found?
Up to 30 seconds Peterson and Peterson study- three letters to recall after delays, count backwards in threes during delays - stops rehearsal 3 seconds - 80% 9 seconds - 30% 18 seconds - 10%
How is information encoded in stm?
And how was it found
Acoustically
Baddely 1966a - four types of word lists - semantically similar and dissimilar and acoustically similar and dissimilar As - 55% correct Ad - 75% correct Ss Sd - both had little effect
What are the three types of long term memory! Give examples
Episodic memory - personal- best friends at school
Semantic memory- general knowledge - cells of a leaf
Procedural memory - unconscious performance of actions - riding a horse
What is the capacity of LTM
HUGE
What is the duration of LTM and how was it found?
Lifetime
Bahrick et al -
Tested recall of classmates - photo - name recognition - name and photo
392 American ex high school students
90% accuracy in face and name after 34 years
How is information in LTM encoded and how was this found?
Semantically Baddely 1966b Four types of word lists As Ad - both made no difference Ss - 55% correct Sd - 85% correct Delay of 20 mins doing another toast LTM is semantically coded
What is encoding?
Converting information into a language or format that the mind can understand
What is the primacy and recency effect and how does it support the msm?
The best recall of words was the first ones, because they have been rehearsed and out into LTM, and last ones, which are still in the short term memory. The middle words are displaced. This shows that the memory has separate stores
Give details of the case study of HM.
Surgery for epilepsy that caused him to no longer be able to form new LTM
shows that the things have to be rehearsed to put into long term memory even though both his stores were still intact.
Give details of the case study of HM
Surgery for epilepsy that caused him to no longer be able to form new LTM
shows that the stores are separate becusse his
Why does HM contradict the Multi store model.
Because he could carry out and learn a procedural memory of drawing with a mirror, which shows there are separate parts of the long term memory store.
Give details of the case study of KF
Damage to brain after motorcycle accident
Reduced capacity in short term memory but could form long term memories.
Shows they are separate stores.
How does KF contradict the multi store model?
Because his stm for verbal info was Impaired but for visual information was still intact, therefore stm can not be just one store.
Who developed the working memory model?
Baddely and hitch
What are the 5 components of the working memory model?
Visuo-spatial sketch pad, central executive, phonological loop, long term memory, and episodic buffer
What study supports the idea Visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop are separate, give details.
Baddely
condition 1: task a - lazer task b - capital f with a corner
Condition 2: task a - lazer task b 1 verbal task
Made more errors in condition 1 because both were visual tasks
Shows that phonological loop and VSSP are separate
What study gives evidence for the phonological loop? Give details
Baddely word length
Lists 5 short words and lists of long words
Tested recall immediately
More words were recalled when they were shorter
- we rehearse them using our inner voice, limited by how long it takes to say them.
Therefore short term verbal memory involves the inner voice
What study supports the idea that inner voice and inner ear are separate
Palesu
PET scans
Either storing series of letters - using both inner voice and ear
Or judging wether two letters rhyme, only using inner voice
Found that they used separate parts of the brain
- RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE - unethical but not harmful, only small, amounts used in normal scans
What are the two explanations for forgetting?
Interference and retrieval cue failure
What is the interference theory?
Give the two types and what they are
We forget because of new or old information effecting our memory
Proactive interference when old info interferes with new
Retroactive interference when new info interferes with old
What study gave evidence of the interference theory of forgetting
Give details
Baddely and hitch
Asked two teams of rugby players
Ones who had played more games more recently compared to ones who played more a long time ago
More recent group remembered better because of retroactive interference, new games interfered with old
What is the problem with the interference theory of forgetting?
Only explains forgetting when there are two similar bits of info
What is retrieval cue failure?
When info is in LTM but there isn’t enough cues to retrieve the info
What study supports the retrieval cue failure?
Godden and baddely 16 divers split into four groups On land on land Water water On land water Water on land Groups 1 and 3 had Better recall because the location became a retrieval cue
What is the problem with the retrieval cue failure
The research is artificial and has been conducted on very small sample sizes.
What is eye witness testimony?
An observer of a crimes recollection of events is used as evidence in criminal trials
What study supported the idea of weapon focus?
Loftus
Independent groups
Participants heard discussion or argument
Group 1 man came out with greasy pen - 49% accuracy
Group 2 - mean came out with bloody knife - 33% accuracy
Identify man from 50 photos
Anxiety causes witnesses to focus on the weapon at the expense of other details
What study supported the idea of leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer
Participants shown video of two cars colliding
Asking speed when “hit/smashed”
Re interviewed and asked if they saw broken glass (there was none)
Smashed- 41 mph - more likely to say broken glass hit - 34 mph
What’s study investigated post-event discussion?
Gabbert
Video of a girl stealing a wallet
One group saw actual footage
Another saw other perspective with no view of the actual stealing
Paired up to discuss
Found that 71% claimed to have seen things they didn’t and 60% believed the girl was guilty
post event discussion decreases accuracy
What were the issues with the post event discussion study
Video - low Eco validity because there was no anxiety
Deception - told same video
What are the four parts of cognitive interviews
CROP
C - context
R - report every detail
O- recall in different orders
P - perspective
What study supported cognitive interviews?
Geiselman
Two groups of UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS watched a crime video
Half interviews using CROP half with standard
CROP remembered more accurate details, but incorrect details was same
High control - no extraneous variables
What is the problem with Geiselmans study?
It was artificial - wasn’t real crime or real detectives
What study made Geiselmans better?
Fisher Florida detectives Gained 47% of into formation - real life - higher Eco validity Helps police have convictions that are accurate
