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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Three processes of memory

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

A set of mental operations that converts sensory information into a form that is useable by the brain’s storage system

Accomplished in each of the brains three storage systems

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3
Q

Storage

A

Storage happens after the information is encoded

The duration that that information stays depends on the storage system being used

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process in which the brain brings stored memories to the surface

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5
Q

Models of memory

A

Information processing model
Parallel distributed processing model
Levels of deep processing model

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6
Q

Information processing model

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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7
Q

Parallel distributed processing model

A

Simultaneous process. allows retrieval of all different. aspects of memory all at once

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8
Q

Levels of deep processing model

A

Thinking about the meaning of a word results in longer retention, depends on the depth (effort to understand meaning)
shallow vs deep processing

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9
Q

Short term memory

A

If an incoming sensory message is deemed important enough to enter the consciousness, the message will move from the sensory memory to the short term memory where it can be held for 30 seconds or more

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10
Q

Working memory

A

An active system that processes present in the short term memory

3 inter-related systems
A central executive that coordinates the other two systems (interprets both visual and auditory information)
The visual “sketch pad” of sorts
An auditory “recorder”

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11
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Continuing to pay attention to the information held in memory
Memory stays in short term memory until rehearsal stops
Distraction stops rehearsal
Too much information = not enough space

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12
Q

Long-term memory

A

The system into which all memory is placed to be held permanently

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13
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

To connect new information to something that is already known

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14
Q

Types of long-term memory

A

Non-declarative (implicit memory):
Procedural memory

Declarative (explicit memory):
Facts

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15
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

Implicit
Emotional associations - amygdala
Habits - cerebellum
Condition led reflexes - cerebellum

Not easily retrieved into conscious awareness

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16
Q

Declarative memory

A

Explicit
2 types - semantic and episodic
Easily made conscious

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17
Q

Three stages of memory

A

Sensory memory
Iconic sensory memory
Echoing memory

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18
Q

Sensory memory

A

The point at which information enters the nervous system through the senses
The information is encoded into sensory memory as neural messages in the neural system
As long as those messages are traveling through the nervous system it ca be said that there is memory for that information

19
Q

Iconic memory

A

Involves recollection of visual information after a short period of time

20
Q

Echoic memory

A

The brief memory of something that was heard

21
Q

Retrieval of long-term memory

A

Retrieval cues
Encoding specifity
Recall and recognition

22
Q

Retrieval cues

A

A stimulus for remembering

The more cues stored with a piece of information the easier retrieval will be

23
Q

Encoding specificity

A

The tendency for improved retrieval if the conditions are similar to the time of learning
Cues can be internal or external
E.g Context dependent learning
State dependent learning

24
Q

Recall

A

Measures a persons memory for information

Easier to remember first and last information that entered into short term memory

25
Q

Recognition

A

The ability to match a piece of information to a stored image of a fact
More accurate for images

26
Q

Automatic Encoding

A

flashbulb memories
takes place when an unexpected event or episode in a person’s life has strong emotional associations
emotional reactions stimulate the release of hormones that enhance the formation of long-term memories

27
Q

Why are memories unreliable

A 
constructive processing of memories
hindsight bias
memory retrieval problems
misinformation effect
false memory syndrome
28
Q

constructive processing of memories

A

memories are never quite accurate

they are built from pieces stored away at encoding

29
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to falsely believe that a person could have accurately predicted an outcome without being told in advance

30
Q

Memory retrieval problems

A

misinformation effect

false memory syndrome

31
Q

misinformation effect

A

false memories are created after being exposed to information after an event

32
Q

False memory syndrome

A

the creation of inaccurate/false memories of an event that never took place
altered mental states make it easier to create false memories
hypnosis

33
Q

Distributed practice

A

take breaks when studying

34
Q

reasons why we forget

A

encoding failure
memory trace decay
interference

35
Q

encoding failure

A

the failure to process information into memory

36
Q

memory trace decay

A

over time if neural pathways aren’t used they will fade

37
Q

interference

A
  1. proactive interference

2. retroactive interference

38
Q

proactive interference

A

older learned material interfering with the learning and retrieval of newer learned material

39
Q

Retroactive interference

A

newer learned material interfering with the retrieval of older information

40
Q

Biological bases of memory

A

Non-declarative = cerebellum
Short-term memory (STM) = prefrontal cortex + temperal lobe
Fear memories = amygala
Long-term memories (LTM) + episodic = frontal + temporal lobe

41
Q

Consolidation

A

memory formation causes physical changes in the brain
changes in the number of receptor sites, changes in the sensitivity of the synapse through repeated stimulus, changes in the dendrites and proteins within the neurons
might take seconds to learn a new friends name but years to learn a new language

42
Q

organic amnesia

A

retrograde

anterograde

43
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the loss of memory from the point of injury backwards

44
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the loss of memory from point of injury/illness forward

people struggle to remember anything new

Psychology (8 decks)

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