Memory Flashcards
Three processes of memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
A set of mental operations that converts sensory information into a form that is useable by the brain’s storage system
Accomplished in each of the brains three storage systems
Storage
Storage happens after the information is encoded
The duration that that information stays depends on the storage system being used
Retrieval
The process in which the brain brings stored memories to the surface
Models of memory
Information processing model
Parallel distributed processing model
Levels of deep processing model
Information processing model
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Parallel distributed processing model
Simultaneous process. allows retrieval of all different. aspects of memory all at once
Levels of deep processing model
Thinking about the meaning of a word results in longer retention, depends on the depth (effort to understand meaning)
shallow vs deep processing
Short term memory
If an incoming sensory message is deemed important enough to enter the consciousness, the message will move from the sensory memory to the short term memory where it can be held for 30 seconds or more
Working memory
An active system that processes present in the short term memory
3 inter-related systems
A central executive that coordinates the other two systems (interprets both visual and auditory information)
The visual “sketch pad” of sorts
An auditory “recorder”
Maintenance rehearsal
Continuing to pay attention to the information held in memory
Memory stays in short term memory until rehearsal stops
Distraction stops rehearsal
Too much information = not enough space
Long-term memory
The system into which all memory is placed to be held permanently
Elaborate rehearsal
To connect new information to something that is already known
Types of long-term memory
Non-declarative (implicit memory):
Procedural memory
Declarative (explicit memory):
Facts
Non-declarative memory
Implicit
Emotional associations - amygdala
Habits - cerebellum
Condition led reflexes - cerebellum
Not easily retrieved into conscious awareness
Declarative memory
Explicit
2 types - semantic and episodic
Easily made conscious
Three stages of memory
Sensory memory
Iconic sensory memory
Echoing memory
Sensory memory
The point at which information enters the nervous system through the senses
The information is encoded into sensory memory as neural messages in the neural system
As long as those messages are traveling through the nervous system it ca be said that there is memory for that information
Iconic memory
Involves recollection of visual information after a short period of time
Echoic memory
The brief memory of something that was heard
Retrieval of long-term memory
Retrieval cues
Encoding specifity
Recall and recognition
Retrieval cues
A stimulus for remembering
The more cues stored with a piece of information the easier retrieval will be
Encoding specificity
The tendency for improved retrieval if the conditions are similar to the time of learning
Cues can be internal or external
E.g Context dependent learning
State dependent learning
Recall
Measures a persons memory for information
Easier to remember first and last information that entered into short term memory
