Memory Flashcards
What term is used to describe A SET OF MENTAL PROCESSES THAT RECEIVES, ENCODES, STORES,
ORGANIZES, ALTERS AND RETRIEVES INFORMATION OVER TIME
Memory
What are the three memory system processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What memory system process is associated with The process of
maintaining
information in a
particular stage
Storage
What memory system process is associated with the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next
Encoding
What memory system process is associated with The process of
bringing stored
information from long term memory to the
conscious level in short term memory
Retrieval
What instruments are used in recording brain activity while participants engage in tasks
PET Scans, FMRI
True or False, • IT WAS FOUND THAT, IN THE BRAIN, THE LEFT
HEMISPHERE BECAME ACTIVATED DURING ENCODING,
WHILE THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE WAS ACTIVATED
DURING RETRIEVAL.
True
Which theorist aid in developing the Multi-Store Model of Theory
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968
What are the three types of memory
Sensory, Short-Term, Long Term
True or False, If MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL (REPITION) DOES NOT
OCCUR, THEN INFORMATION IS FORGOTTEN, AND LOST FROM
SHORT TERM MEMORY THROUGH THE PROCESSES OF DISPLACEMENT
True
What are the sensory store 3 main characteristics
INFORMATION IS CAPTURED BY THE SENSE ORGANS
INFORMATION IN THIS AREA IS TRANSIENT (FROM A FEW
TENTHS OF A SECOND TO SECONDS)
INFORMATION ATTENDED TO IN THIS STORE IS
TRANSFERRED TO THE NEXT STORE (SHORT-TERM)
What type of memory do Humans do all their thinking and problem solving according to Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
Short Term store
What are the 5 characteristics of Short term in Atkinson- Shiffrin Theory
1.THE INDIVIDUAL IS CONSCIOUS OF THIS INFORMATION
2. INFORMATION IS READILY ACCESSIBLE
3. IT WILL BE FORGOTTEN OVER A PERIOD OF 20 SEC.
4. REHEARSAL OF THE INFORMATION CAN PREVENT DECAY OF IT
(FORGETTING)
5. THE INFORMATION CAN BE PROCESSED IN DIFFERENT WAYS
(E.G. ELABORATION) AND HENCE BE TRANSPORTED TO THE
LAST STORE.
What type of memory is associated with a LARGE REPOSITORY OF INFORMATION THAT AN INDIVIDUAL MAINTAINS THAT IS GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO THEM.
Long- Term Memory
What are the three characteristics of Long term Memory according to Atkinson- Shiffrin Theory
1. INFORMATION ENTERS IT VIA ELABORATE PROCESSES FROM SHORT-TERM STORE 2. ITS SIZE IS UNLIMITED. 3. INFORMATION IN LONG-TERM CAN BE REPLACED IN SHORT-TERM, MANIPULATED AND USED TO CARRY OUT TASKS.
Encoding in working memory may take one or all of what 3 forms
Phonological Code
Visual Code
Semantic Code
What is the other name for short term memory
Working Memory
What is the normal capacity for working memory
7+/-2 items
What technique was used to determine the capacity of normal adults
Digit-span task
What are the main types of Long term Memory
Explicit Memory and Implicit Memory
What type of Long term Memory is IS THE CONSCIOUS
RECOLLECTION OF EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN A PARTICULAR TIME AND PLACE. ONE WHICH REQUIRES A
CONSCIOUS THOUGHT, USUALLY WHAT MOST PEOPLE REFER TO AS A MEMORY
Explicit Memory
What are the two types of explicit memory
Declarative and Episodic
What type of eplicit memory provides GENERAL FACTUAL INFORMATION
Declarative
What type of explicit memory provides personal autobiographical memories
Episodic
What type of memory is associated with THE UNCONSCIOUS
RECOLLECTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION
RELATED TO SKILLS.
Implicit memory
What are the two types of Implicit long term memory
Procedural, Conditioning
What term is used to describe the CAUSES PEOPLE TO FORGET
KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS THAT HAVE BEEN LEARNED RECENTLY
BECAUSE OF INTERFERENCE FROM OLD MEMORIES
Proactive Interference
What term is used to describe when the RECENTLY LEARNED INFORMATION MAKES THE MIND FORGET
PREVIOUSLY LEARNED INFORMATION.
Retroactive Interference
What are the 5 ways in which emotions can affect Long Term Memory
REHEARSAL (VERBALLY REPEATING EMOTIONAL EVENTS) FLASHBULB MEMORIES RETRIEVAL INTERFERENCE VIA ANXIETY CONTEXT EFFECTS REPRESSION
What type of information retrieval is associated with A VIVID AND RELATIVELY
PERMANENT RECORD OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN
WHICH ONE LEARNED OF AN EMOTIONALLY
CHARGED, SIGNIFICANT EVENT
Flashbulb Memory
What type of information retrieval is associated with NERVOUSNESS ON SEEING THE FIRST EXAM
QUESTION PREVENTS ANY RECOGNITION OF THE INFORMATION. SEEING THE 2ND QUESTION HEIGHTENS THE ANXIETY AND WORSENS THE LAPSE
IN MEMORY.
Retrieval Interferance via anxiety
What type of information retrieval is associated with A PARTICULAR MOOD WAS
PRESENT AT THE TIME OF LEARNING THE
INFORMATION, RETRIEVAL MAY ONLY OCCUR WHEN
THAT MOOD IS PRESENT.
Context Effect
What type of information retrieval is associated with SEVERELY TRAUMATIC EVENTS MAY NOT
BE RETRIEVED EASILY AS ACCESS TO TARGET
MEMORIES ARE ACTIVELY BLOCKED. THIS IS TO
PREVENT ANXIETY FROM OCCURRING.
Repression
What theory is associated with SOMETIMES
FORGETTING IS NOT REALLY FORGETTING, BUT RATHER
THAT THE INFORMATION NEVER ENTERED LONG-TERM
MEMORY IN THE FIRST PLACE
Encoding Failure Theory
What theory is associated with FORGETTING OCCURS BECAUSE OF A PROBLEM IN THE
STORAGE OF THE INFORMATION
Storage Decay Theory
What are the two ways in which information is forgotten in working memory
Memory decays over time
Old information is replaced by new ones (finite capacity)
The Hippocampus, when damage causes what disease ?
Anterograde Amnesia
True or False, The Hippocampus is important in memory consolidation and episodic memory but not semantic memory
False
What is the Cerebellum important for
PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PROCEDURAL MEMORY, MOTOR LEARNING, SKILLS AND FINE MOTOR CONTROL.
What is the Temporal Lobe important for
USED IN RECOGNITION MEMORY, TO IDENTIFY AN OBJECT AS ONE WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY ENCOUNTERED.
What is the Parietal Lobe important for
TO FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON DIFFERENT STIMULI AT THE SAME TIME, ASSISTS IN WORKING MEMORY.
What is the amygdala
ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL LEARNING AND MEMORY, EMOTIONAL EVENTS BEING ENCODED INTO MEMORY, SEEN IN PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING.
What is the Basal Ganglia important for
COGNITION, LEARNING, MOTOR CONTROL AND ACTIVITIES ALSO UNCONSCIOUS MEMORY PROCESSES AND IMPLICIT MEMORY
What is the frontal lobe important for
COORDINATION OF INFORMATION, USED MOSTLY IN WORKING MEMORY
True or false, Memory is reconstructive
True
True or false, The first two years of life cannot be remembered by anyone, although this period has the richest experience.
True
What are the 3 reasons in which there is childhood amnesia
THE HIPPOCAMPUS FULLY DEVELOPS BY THE SECOND YEAR AFTER BIRTH.
“CONSOLIDATION OF INFORMATION CHANGES AS THE CHILD BEGINS LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, AND ALSO BEGINSTOATTENDSCHOOL. THIS TEACHES THE CHILD TO ORGANIZE INFORMATION DIFFERENTLY, AND IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH PREVIOUS WAYS OF DOING SO.
“YOUNG CHILDREN DO NOT EMBELLISH INFORMATION, SO EARLY EXPERIENCES BECOME LOST.
