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I & P Year 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

It is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed

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2
Q

How does memory relate to future action?

A

It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action

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3
Q

How many stages are involved in memory?

A

A three-stage process

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4
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process by which we take in information from sensory input and transform it

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6
Q

What is the purpose of encoding?

A

Information needs to be changed into a form that can be stored

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7
Q

What are the 3 ways in which information can be encoded (stored)?

A
  1. visual
  2. acoustic
  3. semantic
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8
Q

What is semantic processing?

A

This involves converting a sensory input into a meaning

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9
Q

How is a phone number remembered through acoustic coding?

A

This involves repeating the number to yourself

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10
Q

How is a phone number remembered through visual coding?

A

If you can remember the number through seeing it on a page

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11
Q

What is meant by storage?

A

The retention of information and the nature of the memory stores

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12
Q

What influences the nature of memory stores?

A

Where the information is stored

Duration - how long does the memory last for

Capacity - how much information can be stored at any time

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13
Q

How does storage affect retrieval of information?

A

The way in which information is stored affects the way it is retrieved

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14
Q

How does storage vary in STM and LTM?

A

It can only be stored briefly from 0 to 30 seconds in STM

It can be stored for a lifetime in LTM

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15
Q

What is involved in retrieval?

A

This involves getting information out of storage

If something cannot be remembered, it may be because it cannot be retrieved

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16
Q

How is information retrieved in STM?

A

It is retrieved and stored sequentially

e.g. remembering the 4th word of a list involves going through the list in order until the 4th word is reached

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17
Q

How is memory retrieved in LTM?

A

It is stored and retrieved by association

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18
Q

What helps to aid information retrieval?

A

Organising information

e.g. alphabetically, in sequences or by time

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19
Q

What does the multi-store memory model describe?

A

The flow between 3 permanent storage systems of memory:

  1. sensory register
  2. STM
  3. LTM
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20
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

It is where information from the senses is stored

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21
Q

How long is information stored in the sensory register?

A

Around half a second and then it is forgotten

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22
Q

What is meant by the sensory register being ‘modality-specific’?

A

Whichever sense is registered will match the way the information is held

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23
Q

What happens if sensory information is attended to?

A

It moves into short-term memory for temporary storage

It is encoded visually, acoustically or semantically

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24
Q

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

A

Capacity of 5 - 9 items

Duration of 30 seconds

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25
How can the capacity of STM be increased?
Through 'chunking'
26
What will help to retain information in the STM and consolidate it to LTM?
rehearsing information via the articulatory loop
27
How is information in LTM encoded?
mainly semantically
28
What is the capacity and duration of LTM?
Information can be stored and retrieved for up to any duration It has a seemingly unlimited capacity
29
When asked to remember a list of words, what information is generally recalled better?
Information at the beginning and the end of the list Information in the middle is commonly forgotten
30
What is the serial position effect?
Information presented at the beginning and the end of a list of words is recalled better regardless of how many words are in the list
31
What is the primacy effect?
It states how the first few items in a list are recalled more frequently than middle items
32
What is the recency effect?
This states how items at the end of a list are more frequently recalled than words in the middle
33
Why should diagnosis and treatment options be discussed at the end of a consultation?
This is the information that people are most likely to remember Recency effect
34
What is echoic memory?
The sensory memory register specific to auditory information
35
How does echoic memory differ to visual memory?
The eyes can see the stimuli over and over but the auditory stimuli is only perceived once
36
Which 'effect' is present in echoic memory?
The recency effect
37
How does the duration of echoic memory differ to visual memory?
Phonological memory lingers Visual memory does not linger as the image does not persist on the visual retina
38
What is iconic memory?
This is the short-term visual memories that people store when seeing something very briefly
39
What are the characteristics of iconic memory?
The image quickly fades There is no recency effect
40
If words are written in a list rather than spoken, how does the recency effect change?
For written lists, there is no recency effect
41
What is the digit span?
When presented with a spoken sequence of numbers, 7 +/- 2 is the average amount that is remembered
42
What is chunking?
Breaking down a sequence of information into chunks or memorable blocks
43
How does chunking make information easier to remember?
It recodes new material into larger, more meaningful units
44
What happens when people are asked to count backwards for 30 seconds before recalling a list of words?
Counting backwards interferes with the ability to remember the words as the recency effect is lost
45
How does counting backwards affect the short-term memory?
STM has a limited capacity Displacement occurs as the words are replaced by numbers
46
How does focusing on a word for a longer period of time help memory?
It allows rehearsal of the word and to provide connections with things in long-term memory
47
How can primacy be improved?
Increased rehearsal e.g. repeating words in a list over and over
48
What are the 3 types of long-term memory?
1. episodic 2. semantic 3. procedural
49
What is episodic memory?
The memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated or conjured
50
What kind of things are examples of episodic memory?
It is a collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place Memory of things that you were involved in
51
What is semantic memory?
Ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
52
What types of things are examples of semantic memory?
Things that are common knowledge e.g. names of colours, sounds of letters
53
What is procedural memory?
Skill-based memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things
54
What types of things are examples of procedural memory?
How to perform certain procedures e.g. walking, talking, riding a bike
55
How is information in LTM encoded?
It involves elaborating on information and adding meaningful connections
56
What is the method of Loci?
Making up a story of a journey to remember information
57
What are examples of using the method of Loci?
luria's S - to remember mathematical formula a journey through the home placing objects in various locations
58
What is the Memory Palace?
Using spatial awareness and location to remember objects e.g. journey through the home placing objects in various locations
59
Why are mnemonics used for memory?
They provide visual imagery They follow the idea of idiosyncrasy
60
What is idiosyncrasy?
A characteristic, habit or mannerism that is specific to an individual
61
What is eidetic imagery?
Photographic memory They can continue to see an object that is no longer objectively present They describe it as if it was still present and they are not recalling a past event
62
What is synaesthesia?
Joining or the merging of senses that are not normally connected
63
How does synaesthesia work?
The stimulation of one sense causes an involuntary reaction in another sense e.g. hearing colour
64
What is hyperthymesia? What is it specific to?
An individual possesses a superior autobiographical memory They can recall the vast majority of personal experiences and events in their life
65
What are the negatives to having hyperthymesia?
Most people have OCD to some extent An irrepressible stream of memories impairs cognitive performance
66
What are the 2 derivatives of the cognitive system?
Explicit and implicit
67
What is meant by implicit (procedural) memory? Where does it occur?
Information acquisition bypasses consciousness Basal ganglia and cerebellum
68
What 2 types of information are implicit?
Skills Classical conditioning
69
What is the process following explicit memory?
1. working memory 2. consolidation in the hippocampus 3. long-term memory 4. episodic or semantic memory
70
How can recall from LTM be better?
If recall is in the same context as encoding

I & P Year 1 (21 decks)

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