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I & P Year 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

It is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed

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2
Q

How does memory relate to future action?

A

It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action

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3
Q

How many stages are involved in memory?

A

A three-stage process

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4
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process by which we take in information from sensory input and transform it

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6
Q

What is the purpose of encoding?

A

Information needs to be changed into a form that can be stored

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7
Q

What are the 3 ways in which information can be encoded (stored)?

A
  1. visual
  2. acoustic
  3. semantic
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8
Q

What is semantic processing?

A

This involves converting a sensory input into a meaning

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9
Q

How is a phone number remembered through acoustic coding?

A

This involves repeating the number to yourself

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10
Q

How is a phone number remembered through visual coding?

A

If you can remember the number through seeing it on a page

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11
Q

What is meant by storage?

A

The retention of information and the nature of the memory stores

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12
Q

What influences the nature of memory stores?

A

Where the information is stored

Duration - how long does the memory last for

Capacity - how much information can be stored at any time

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13
Q

How does storage affect retrieval of information?

A

The way in which information is stored affects the way it is retrieved

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14
Q

How does storage vary in STM and LTM?

A

It can only be stored briefly from 0 to 30 seconds in STM

It can be stored for a lifetime in LTM

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15
Q

What is involved in retrieval?

A

This involves getting information out of storage

If something cannot be remembered, it may be because it cannot be retrieved

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16
Q

How is information retrieved in STM?

A

It is retrieved and stored sequentially

e.g. remembering the 4th word of a list involves going through the list in order until the 4th word is reached

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17
Q

How is memory retrieved in LTM?

A

It is stored and retrieved by association

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18
Q

What helps to aid information retrieval?

A

Organising information

e.g. alphabetically, in sequences or by time

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19
Q

What does the multi-store memory model describe?

A

The flow between 3 permanent storage systems of memory:

  1. sensory register
  2. STM
  3. LTM
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20
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

It is where information from the senses is stored

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21
Q

How long is information stored in the sensory register?

A

Around half a second and then it is forgotten

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22
Q

What is meant by the sensory register being ‘modality-specific’?

A

Whichever sense is registered will match the way the information is held

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23
Q

What happens if sensory information is attended to?

A

It moves into short-term memory for temporary storage

It is encoded visually, acoustically or semantically

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24
Q

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

A

Capacity of 5 - 9 items

Duration of 30 seconds

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25
Q

How can the capacity of STM be increased?

A

Through ‘chunking’

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26
Q

What will help to retain information in the STM and consolidate it to LTM?

A

rehearsing information via the articulatory loop

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27
Q

How is information in LTM encoded?

A

mainly semantically

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28
Q

What is the capacity and duration of LTM?

A

Information can be stored and retrieved for up to any duration

It has a seemingly unlimited capacity

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29
Q

When asked to remember a list of words, what information is generally recalled better?

A

Information at the beginning and the end of the list

Information in the middle is commonly forgotten

30
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Information presented at the beginning and the end of a list of words is recalled better regardless of how many words are in the list

31
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

It states how the first few items in a list are recalled more frequently than middle items

32
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

This states how items at the end of a list are more frequently recalled than words in the middle

33
Q

Why should diagnosis and treatment options be discussed at the end of a consultation?

A

This is the information that people are most likely to remember

Recency effect

34
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

The sensory memory register specific to auditory information

35
Q

How does echoic memory differ to visual memory?

A

The eyes can see the stimuli over and over but the auditory stimuli is only perceived once

36
Q

Which ‘effect’ is present in echoic memory?

A

The recency effect

37
Q

How does the duration of echoic memory differ to visual memory?

A

Phonological memory lingers

Visual memory does not linger as the image does not persist on the visual retina

38
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

This is the short-term visual memories that people store when seeing something very briefly

39
Q

What are the characteristics of iconic memory?

A

The image quickly fades

There is no recency effect

40
Q

If words are written in a list rather than spoken, how does the recency effect change?

A

For written lists, there is no recency effect

41
Q

What is the digit span?

A

When presented with a spoken sequence of numbers, 7 +/- 2 is the average amount that is remembered

42
Q

What is chunking?

A

Breaking down a sequence of information into chunks or memorable blocks

43
Q

How does chunking make information easier to remember?

A

It recodes new material into larger, more meaningful units

44
Q

What happens when people are asked to count backwards for 30 seconds before recalling a list of words?

A

Counting backwards interferes with the ability to remember the words as the recency effect is lost

45
Q

How does counting backwards affect the short-term memory?

A

STM has a limited capacity

Displacement occurs as the words are replaced by numbers

46
Q

How does focusing on a word for a longer period of time help memory?

A

It allows rehearsal of the word and to provide connections with things in long-term memory

47
Q

How can primacy be improved?

A

Increased rehearsal

e.g. repeating words in a list over and over

48
Q

What are the 3 types of long-term memory?

A
  1. episodic
  2. semantic
  3. procedural
49
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

The memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated or conjured

50
Q

What kind of things are examples of episodic memory?

A

It is a collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Memory of things that you were involved in

51
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience

52
Q

What types of things are examples of semantic memory?

A

Things that are common knowledge

e.g. names of colours, sounds of letters

53
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Skill-based memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things

54
Q

What types of things are examples of procedural memory?

A

How to perform certain procedures

e.g. walking, talking, riding a bike

55
Q

How is information in LTM encoded?

A

It involves elaborating on information and adding meaningful connections

56
Q

What is the method of Loci?

A

Making up a story of a journey to remember information

57
Q

What are examples of using the method of Loci?

A

luria’s S - to remember mathematical formula

a journey through the home placing objects in various locations

58
Q

What is the Memory Palace?

A

Using spatial awareness and location to remember objects

e.g. journey through the home placing objects in various locations

59
Q

Why are mnemonics used for memory?

A

They provide visual imagery

They follow the idea of idiosyncrasy

60
Q

What is idiosyncrasy?

A

A characteristic, habit or mannerism that is specific to an individual

61
Q

What is eidetic imagery?

A

Photographic memory

They can continue to see an object that is no longer objectively present

They describe it as if it was still present and they are not recalling a past event

62
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

Joining or the merging of senses that are not normally connected

63
Q

How does synaesthesia work?

A

The stimulation of one sense causes an involuntary reaction in another sense

e.g. hearing colour

64
Q

What is hyperthymesia?

What is it specific to?

A

An individual possesses a superior autobiographical memory

They can recall the vast majority of personal experiences and events in their life

65
Q

What are the negatives to having hyperthymesia?

A

Most people have OCD to some extent

An irrepressible stream of memories impairs cognitive performance

66
Q

What are the 2 derivatives of the cognitive system?

A

Explicit and implicit

67
Q

What is meant by implicit (procedural) memory?

Where does it occur?

A

Information acquisition bypasses consciousness

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

68
Q

What 2 types of information are implicit?

A

Skills

Classical conditioning

69
Q

What is the process following explicit memory?

A
  1. working memory
  2. consolidation in the hippocampus
  3. long-term memory
  4. episodic or semantic memory
70
Q

How can recall from LTM be better?

A

If recall is in the same context as encoding

I & P Year 1 (21 decks)

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