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I & P Year 1 > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 D’s used to define psychological abnormality?

A
  1. deviant
  2. distressing
  3. dysfunctional
  4. dangerous
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2
Q

What is meant by “deviant”?

A

Being different to what you would expect

e.g. behaviour that may be unusual, extreme

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3
Q

What is meant by “distressing”?

A

Having unpleasant experiences that are very upsetting to the individual

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4
Q

What is meant by “dysfunctional”?

A

The inability to conduct daily activities and maintain social relationships

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5
Q

What is meant by “dangerous”?

A

The individual poses a danger both to themselves and to others

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6
Q

What is the main problem with defining abnormality?

A

Abnormality is relative to society/ cultural norms and values

What may appear “abnormal” or deviant to one group may be completely normal for another group

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7
Q

What is the problem with having agreed definitions for abnormality?

A

They are often not applied consistently

e.g. for alcohol dependence, the recommended healthy alcohol intake is often changed and what defines dependence is changed

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8
Q

What is the ICD-10?

A

International classification of disease

It has diagnosis criteria and treatment options of every disease

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9
Q

What are the 7 broad categories of mental health disorders under ICD-10?

A
  1. organic disorders - e.g. dementia
  2. psychoactive substance use
  3. psychotic disorders
  4. mood, stress and anxiety disorders
  5. physiological disorders e.g. eating disorders
  6. development disorders
  7. disorders of childhood e.g. ADHD, autism
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10
Q

According to the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, how many adults in England have a common mental disorder?

A

Around 1 person in 6

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11
Q

In which groups was the prevalence of mental disorders higher?

A
  1. single or divorced individuals
  2. living alone
  3. in receipt of state benefits (lower income)
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12
Q

How were mental disorders seen to relate to physiological disorders?

A

There is a comorbidity with chronic physical illness

e.g. cancer, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure

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13
Q

What is the “key high risk group” when it comes to mental illness?

A

Young women

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14
Q

What percentage of GP appointments are taken up by mental health disorders?

A

30%

The appointments also require more time per appointment

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15
Q

What are the most prevalent mental health disorders?

Why are they difficult to diagnose?

A
  1. generalised anxiety disorder
  2. depressive episodes
  3. mixed anxiety and depressive disorder

The presentations of anxiety and depression overlap - and they may be symptoms of an underlying physical health problem

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16
Q

What are the 5 categories of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. panic disorder
  2. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  3. generalised anxiety disorder
  4. obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
  5. phobias
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17
Q

What do the 5 anxiety disorders have in common in terms of character?

A

There are 4 quadrants of features that are shown in mental health disorders

  1. physiological/somatic (heart racing, muscle tension)
  2. subjective experience (terror, dread)
  3. behaviour (escape, unable to move)
  4. cognition (“I’m dying”)
18
Q

What is the biological focus to treatment for mental health disorders?

A
  1. neurotransmitters and brain imaging

2. pharmacological management
e. g. benzodiazepines, SSRIs

19
Q

What is the psychological focus to treatments for mental health disorders?

A
  1. learning mechanisms

2. psychological interventions such as education, relaxation and CBT

20
Q

What are the stages in the self-maintaining cycle of symptoms of panic disorder?

A
  1. physical sensation, thought or image perceived as threatening
  2. anxiety
  3. physical sensations (e.g. rapid heart beat, chest pain, etc.)
  4. catastrophic interpretation of physical symptoms
  5. amplification of anxiety and physical sensations
  6. hyper-vigilance
21
Q

What is involved in the maintenance of panic disorder?

A
  1. person pays selective attention to bodily events
  2. they have in-situation safety behaviours
  3. avoidance of the situation in future
22
Q

How do people try to cope with anxiety, which leads to maintenance of the condition?

A

They avoid situations that they know will cause them to become anxious

They will increase the performance of behaviours that reduce anxiety

23
Q

What is the main experience of generalised anxiety disorder?

A

There is excessive and uncontrollable worry about future events and outcomes

People fell anxious about everything, not just one particular area

Extreme anxiety is present at all times

24
Q

How many people are affected by generalised anxiety disorder?

What does it often co-occur with?

A

Affects 1-5% of the population in the last 12 months

It often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, depression and many medical conditions

25
Q

What are the main symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Tension and dread alongside somatic symptoms

26
Q

What is meant by intolerance of uncertainty?

A

It is the “what if” process that drives worry

People overestimate the risk of something happening and the negative consequences of this happening

27
Q

What are the features of intolerance of uncertainty?

A
  1. seeking excessive reassurance
  2. list-making
  3. double checking
  4. refusing to delegate tasks to others
  5. procrastination/avoidance
  6. distraction
28
Q

Why are particular actions performed by someone with intolerance of uncertainty?

A

Performing these actions gives a temporary reduction in their anxiety

29
Q

What will the lives of someone with OCD be dominated by?

A
  1. obsessions

this is intrusions of thoughts, images and impulses that produce anxiety (e.g. fear of contamination)

  1. compulsions

these are behaviours or rituals that reduce anxiety (e.g. washing, checking)

30
Q

What happens to the behaviours that people use to reduce anxiety in OCD?

A

These behaviours become dominating, repetitive and ritualistic

They begin to dominate people’s lives - if they don’t perform the behaviours they become more anxious

31
Q

What is meant by a phobia?

A

There is an irrational fear of specific objects or situations

32
Q

Why is a phobia characterised by an “irrational fear”?

A

It is irrational as there is realisation that the fear is disproportionate to the effect

33
Q

How do people tend to respond to a phobia?

What process does this lead to?

A

There is a desire to avoid the object/situation

This avoidant behaviour is negatively reinforced by a reduction in anxiety

34
Q

What is meant by negative reinforcement in phobias?

A

Avoidance maintains the phobia

Behaviours that reduce anxiety are increased (this includes avoiding the feared object)

This is negative reinforcement

35
Q

What is always involved in treatment of a phobia?

A

Encountering the thing that you are fearful of

Unless you learn that the object is harmless, you will never overcome the phobia

36
Q

What are the stages involved in classical conditioned acquisition of a phobia?

A
  1. Signal (CS) - sight of needle
  2. Trauma (UCS) - injection/pain
  3. Reaction (UCR) - fright/withdrawal
  4. Result (CR) - needle phobia
UCS = unconditioned stimulus 
UCR = unconditioned response
37
Q

What is involved in negatively (operant conditioning) reinforced maintenance of a phobia?

A
  1. there is an avoidance or escape from the aversive event
    (e. g. avoidance of hospital)
  2. this leads to a reduction of fear (reinforcement)
38
Q

What are the two types of fear involved in agoraphobia?

A
  1. fear of crowded/enclosed places and open spaces

2. fear of panic attack and resultant embarrassment

39
Q

What is meant by social anxiety disorder?

A

This is a social phobia

It involves an extreme and persistent fear of embarrassment and humiliation

40
Q

Who is more affected by social anxiety disorder?

How do they cope with this?

A

Onset in teens and affects more men

It involves avoidance of social and public activities

I & P Year 1 (21 decks)

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