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I & P Year 1 > Child Development - Attachment > Flashcards

Child Development - Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘emerging adulthood’?

A

The transition from adolescence to adulthood

It occurs between the age of 18 and 25

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2
Q

How is the emerging adulthood stage prolonged?

A

education

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3
Q

What happens to the parent-child relationship during the emerging adulthood stage?

A

the relationship is re-evaluated as the child develops their own autonomy

they switch from the role of a dependent to a fellow adult

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4
Q

Who proposed the emerging adulthood theory? What are the 5 stages?

A

Jeffrey Arnett

  1. age of identity exploration
  2. age of instability
  3. age of self-focus
  4. age of feeling in between
  5. age of possibilities
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5
Q

What happens during the age of identity exploration?

A

Young people decide who they are, what they want out of work, school and love

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6
Q

What happens during the age of instability?

A

Young people will go to university or live with friends or partners

There are lots of frequent residence changes in the post-high school years

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7
Q

What happens during the age of self-focus?

A

Young people start to decide what they want to do, where they want to go and who they want to be with

They are freed of a parent and society-directed routine and make the most of this time before their choices are limited

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8
Q

What happens during the age of feeling in between?

A

Many say they are taking responsibility for themselves, but do not yet feel like an adult

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9
Q

What happens during the age of possibilities?

A

There is a notable sense of optimism

Many young people believe they have chances of living better than their parents did

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10
Q

Who derived the attachment theory?

A

John Bowlby

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11
Q

What does John Bowlby’s attachment theory state?

A

Early life experiences strongly influence late adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology (mental health)

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12
Q

What did Bowlby believe about evolution?

A

Children came into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others as it would help them survive

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13
Q

What is the role of the primary caregiver?

A

An adult person who provides safety and security for the infant

They are critical to personal development

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14
Q

What are the types of attachment in Bowlby’s model?

A

Secure
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant

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15
Q

What is secure attachment classified by?

A

Children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves, but will able to compose themselves knowing that the caregiver will return

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16
Q

What are 2 features shown by children with secure attachment?

A

1 - positive internal working models

2 - emotion regulation ability

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17
Q

What is meant by positive internal working models and what does it promote?

A

The child builds up a positive view of themselves and their self in relation to others

Promotes social competence, especially around peers

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18
Q

What is meant by emotion regulation ability?

What does it promote?

A

Children have the ability to recognise emotional expressions of others, and express these themselves

They can manage and avoid anxiety and effectively deal with stress

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19
Q

What 2 factors usually prevent a secure attachment from developing?

A

1 - separation during childhood

2 - lack of early secure attachment

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment development and at what age do they occur?

A

0 - 2 months - pre-attachment

2-7 months - attachment-in-the-making

7 - 24 months - clear-cut attachment

24 months + - goal-corrected partnership

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21
Q

What 2 key features does a securely attached child exhibit and at what age?

A

10 months - stranger anxiety

12 months - separation distress

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22
Q

What happens during the pre-attachment stage?

A

Children are able to mirror expression

There are feeding interactions between the mother and child

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23
Q

What is the end result of developing an attachment?

A

It results in a child developing self-concept and leaving

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages that lead up to an attached child leaving?

A
  1. mutual responsiveness
  2. attachment grows
  3. exploration grows
  4. autonomy grows
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25
Q

What is ethology?

A

The study of animal behaviour in the context of understanding human behaviour

26
Q

What was Harlow’s experiment?

A

Infant monkeys who had no mother were presented with 2 surrogate mothers with 2 different features to see which one the infants preferred

27
Q

What was the aim of Harlow’s experiment?

A

To identify what desirable characteristics the infant monkeys looked for in a maternal figure

28
Q

What was the essential characteristic identified from Harlow’s experiment?

A

Contact comfort - the ability to cling on and cuddle

29
Q

What are the 4 characteristics that define attachments in young children?

A
  1. they are selective
  2. they involve physical proximity seeking
  3. they provide comfort and security
  4. they produce separation distress
30
Q

What is the secure base?

A

A child will pick one specific adult as their secure base

They act as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment

31
Q

What is physical proximity seeking?

A

The desire to be close to the people we are attachde to

32
Q

What is Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A
  1. infant and mother are in a room
  2. a stranger will enter and interact with the infant and the mother will leave
  3. the mother returns and the stranger leaves
  4. the infant is left alone
  5. the stranger returns
  6. the mother returns and the stranger leaves
33
Q

What is Ainsworth’s strange situation used for?

A

It is used to determine attachment status

34
Q

How many stages are there in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

Who is it used on?

A

7 stages, each lasts for 3 minutes

Involves watching the behaviour of a child aged from 12 months to 3 years

35
Q

How will a child with secure attachment react to Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

They stay close to the mother and are upset when she leaves

They greet the mother positively

36
Q

What behaviour of the caregiver allows the child to develop secure attachment?

A

The caregiver is sensitive to their signals and responds to their needs

37
Q

Why is separation anxiety a normal feature of secure attachment?

A

The child feels confident that the primary caregiver will return

They use them as a secure base to explore the environment

38
Q

How will a child with insecure avoidant attachment respond to Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

They avoid contact with the mother when she returns

They exhibit no distress when left with a stranger

39
Q

In insecure avoidant attachment, what is the relationship between the child and the caregiver?

A

They do not orientate to them when exploring an environment

They are physically and emotionally independent of them

They do not seek contact with them when distressed

40
Q

What are the likely properties of a caregiver who has a child with insecure avoidant attachment?

A

They are insensitive or rejecting of the child’s needs

41
Q

How will a child with insecure resistant attachment respond to Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

They are very upset by the mother leaving

They are difficult to console when the mother returns as they both seek comfort and resist

42
Q

What is the key feature of insecure resistant attachment?

A

The child exhibits clingy and dependent behaviour but is rejecting of the attachment figure when they engage in interaction

43
Q

In insecure resistant attachment, how does the child interact with the attachment figure?

A

They do not develop feelings of security from the attachment figure

They exhibit difficulty moving away to explore novel surroundings

They are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by interaction with the attachment figure

44
Q

How does the behaviour of the caregiver lead to insecure resistant attachment?

A

There is an inconsistent level of response to the child’s needs from the primary caregiver

45
Q

What is disorganised attachment?

A

child’s behaviour is not stable in terms of pattern

46
Q

How does the primary caregiver’s behaviour lead to disorganised attachment?

A

The parent’s response to the child has different outcomes, depending on the child’s working model of itself

47
Q

What are the 2 key features of a primary caregiver’s behaviour?

A
  1. caregiver sensitivity

2. mind-mindedness

48
Q

What is meant by caregiver sensitivity?

A

the ability of the caregiver to perceive and interpret signals from the infant’s behaviour and respond effectively

49
Q

How is caregiver sensitivity measured?

A

On a 9 point scale - from highly insensitive to highly sensitive

50
Q

What is meant by mind-mindedness?

A

The caregiver’s tendency to treat their child as an individual with their own mind

51
Q

What is the benefit of a caregiver showing mind-mindedness?

A

It allows the caregiver to assess what the child may be thinking or feeling, and respond accordingly

52
Q

What are the two types of behavioural responses exhibited by a caregiver?

A

appropriate or non-attuned

53
Q

What is meant by non-attuned behaviour?

A

the caregiver’s behaviour is not responsive to the needs of the infant

54
Q

How is attachment assessed in a clinical situation?

A

observation

adult attachment interview

55
Q

Why can an adult attachment interview be unreliable?

A

A current depression is not definitively a result of attachment history

An adult’s view of their attachment history may present to be more negative than it actually was

56
Q

What are longitudinal studies?

A

Children are followed into adulthood

57
Q

Why is attachment not a personality trait?

A

It is a reflection of being sufficiently parented

Everyone has an attachment status, even those who has insecure attachment

58
Q

What are the resulting adult characteristics of secure attachment?

A

SECURE

comfortable in relationships and able to seek support from partner

59
Q

What are the resulting adult characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment?

A

DISMISSING

they have a greater sense of autonomy and tend to cut themselves off emotionally from their partner

60
Q

What are the resulting adult characteristics of insecure resistant attachment?

A

PREOCCUPIED

they fear rejection from their partner and have a strong desire to maintain closeness

61
Q

What is significant about the first attachment a child ever makes?

A

This forms an attachment template by which future relationships are constructed

62
Q

What is prevention potential and what does it involve?

A

It is an intervention to try and develop secure attachment

It involves parenting interventions and sure start centres

I & P Year 1 (21 decks)

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