Memory Flashcards
Define retrieval
Accessing information from storage
Name the three stores in the multi-store memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
How long do we hold information in the sensory memory?
No more than a few seconds
Who proposed the multi-store model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Who proposed the magic number and what was it?
Miller (1956) - magic number 7 (+/-2)
What did Bower and Springston (1970) conclude from their study?
Chunking increases the capacity of STM
What is the duration and capacity of the LTM?
Duration: up to a lifetime
Capacity: limitless
What did Murdock’s 1962 study on recall find?
We best remember the first words on a list (primacy effect) and the last (recency effect)
True or false: using FBI to remember Federal Bureau of Investigation is an example of chunking?
True
Who put forward the levels of processing theory in 1972?
Craik and Lockhart
What did Craik and Tulving’s 1975 study investigate?
If the level at which information is processed has an effect on a person’s memory
What two levels of processing did Craik and Lockhart propose in 1972?
Deep and shallow
Who conducted the famous ‘war of the ghosts’ research?
Bartlett (1932)
What is retroactive interference?
When new information interferes with the ability to recall old information
What is proactive interference?
When old information interferes with your ability to take in new information
Did Underwood and Postman (1960) test retroactive or proactive theory in their study?
Retroactive
Who conducted the 1974 study on the effect of leading questions on a person’s memory?
Loftus and Palmer
How was H.M.’s long-term memory affected by the surgery on his hippocampus?
He could not transfer information into his long-term memory.
What is encoding?
Changing information so that it can be stored
What are the three ways of encoding?
Visually (images), acoustically (sound), semantically (meaning)
What are the two types of amnesia?
Retrograde and anterograde
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to recall events that occurred before the development of amnesia
What is anterograde amnesia?
A loss of memory of what happens after the event that caused the amnesia
What does rehearsal do?
Increases retention in the short-term memory
