Memory 2

Question 1

Primacy

Answer 1

The tendency to remember the first items encountered

Question 2

Recency

Answer 2

The tendency to remember items most recently encountered

Question 3

Serial position curve

Answer 3

Shows likelihood of remembering an item in a list based on where it occurred in the list

Question 4

Traditional view of STS vs LTS

Answer 4

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
Modal model- rehearsal transfers thing from STS to LTS

Question 5

Evidence against modal model

Answer 5

Rehearsal isn’t necessary or sufficient
not necessary as thing can be remembered without rehearsing
Not sufficient as it doesn’t always work- items need to be given meaning to be in long term memory

Question 6

Evidence against isolated STS and LTS

Answer 6

Clinical evidence of patients with damage to STS doesn’t affect LTM as much as expected

Question 7

When the STS is fully, what things should you be unable to do?

Answer 7

Shouldn’t be able to hold more information in STS such as secondary tasks (sentence verification, semantic judgements, list learning, understanding of prose)
Semantic judgements aren’t affected as much as expected

Question 8

Multicomponent model for STS

Answer 8

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
Proposed STS must have three components:
Central executive- acts as attentional controller governing flow of information
Visio-spatial scratchpad- stores and processes information in the visual and spatial form. Used for navigation
Articulatory loop- processes speech and stores information

Question 9

Dual task interference, Brooks (1967)

Answer 9

Two tasks that require visuospatial resources interfere with each other much more than if one task is verbal and the other visuospatial

Question 10

Evidence for phonological loop

Answer 10

Phonological similarity effect
Irrelevant speech effect
Word length effect

Question 11

Phonological similarity effect

Answer 11

Poor recall of words where items sound similar as they interfere with each other
Shows that items are encoded according to the way they sound

Question 12

Irrelevant speech effect

Answer 12

Recall impaired by simultaneous speech
Suggest involuntary phonological encoding

Question 13

Word length effect

Answer 13

Serial recall is approximately the number of words you can read aloud in 2 seconds
Span is lower for longer words
Spans are longer for faster speakers

Question 14

The central executive

Answer 14

Drives the working memory system
Allocates data to subsystems, phonological loop and visual sketchpad
Deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving

Question 15

Supervisory attentional system

Answer 15

Part of the central executive
Responsible for higher level cognitive processes
Stops you doing
Troubleshooting and decision making

Question 16

Additions to working memory model, Baddeley (2000)

Answer 16

Included interaction with LTM eg. chunking (grouping words leading to fewer things to remember)

Question 17

Episodic buffer

Answer 17

Responsible for chunking
Acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

Question 18

Alternatives to working memory- embedded processes model

Answer 18

DONT NEED TO KNOW DETAIL, JUST BE AWARE OF
Claims it’s not necessary to distinguish between STS and LTS
STS is just the currently activated component of LTS

Question 19

Alternatives to working memory- the SIMPLE model

Answer 19

DONT NEED TO KNOW DETAIL, JUST BE AWARE OF
Scale Invariant Memory, Perception and Learning
Creates mathematics models based on temporal discriminability that apply to both STS and LTS

Question 20

Alternatives to working memory-individual differences approach

Answer 20

DONT NEED TO KNOW DETAIL, JUST BE AWARE OF
Focus on individual differences in working memory capacity
Researches have separated into influences on primary and secondary memory