memory

Question 1

9.Explanation of forgetting - retrieval failure

Answer 1

In LTM failure to retriev info due to a lack of cues from encoding. (Cues are info we store that occurred around it)

Question 2

10.2 types of retrieval failure

Answer 2

Context dependent - inability to recall in a different environment due to lack of context related cues upon retrieval. E.g classroom then exam hall.
State dependent - inability to recall in a different physical or psychological state from when learning took place due to lack of state related cues upon retrieval.

Question 3

11. Evaluation of retrival failure

Answer 3

+ Baddeley and godden- divers who learnt words on land or water then recalled words on land or water. When recalling in opposite contexts most likely to occur due to lack of contextual cues.
- not strong in real life as contexts aren’t usually that different.
State different , antihistamine drugs complete memory task.
Learn on drug test on drug.

Question 4

7.Explanation of forgetting - interference theory

Answer 4

Forgetting can occur when two memories conflict/interfere with each other causing one to be forgotten more likely when similar
Proactive( old interferes with new causing new to be forgotten) and retroactive
Retroactive - new mem interferes with old causing old to be forgotten

Question 5

8.Pros and cons of inter fence theory

Answer 5

+ baddeley and hitch- rugby players remeber teams they had played, players who played all games forgotten the 5th team , retroactive.
- cant explain all types -
Only similar info not “feeding the cat”

Question 6

2.MSM evaluation - Peterson+Peterson,jacobs baddeley and bahrick

Answer 6

P+P= duration of STM-18-30secs given three letters that don’t make a word , count back from a three digit number stop at diff times then repeat three letters. Artificial task, lacks ecological validly
Jacobs- capacity of STM = 7 , sequence of numbers and letters amount gradually increased
Baddeley- coding in STM=acoustic , list A acoustically similar and B semantically list A couldn’t recall on STM due to confusion List B couldn’t recall in LTM due to confusion in meaning of words.
Oversimplified not enough detail, patient kf damaged part of STM could remember visual info not verbal 2 other stores in STM

Question 7

3.Working memory model baddies and hitch

Answer 7

LTM
- Central executive (Co ordinates slave components)
- phonological loop(acoustic info)
- episodic buffer (maintains sense of time)
- visual spatial sketch pad ( visual and spatial info , limited processing capacity)

Question 8

5.Tulvings claim Three types of long term memory

Answer 8

-episodic- own personal diary events experienced themselves(birthday)
-semantic- knowledge of the world , common sense(animals)
-procedural- how to do things (ride a bike)

Question 9

6.Pros and cons of types of LTM

Answer 9

+tulving PET scans, episodic and semantic are separate , recall diff info during a pet scan , episodic =right prefrontal cortex , semantic= left prefrontal cortex
+Clive wearing , lost eopsidic memory and bit of semantic but still remeber how to play piano , stored separately
- cohen and squire argued that there’s only 2 types of LTM , declaration and non declaration (cant be recalled)

Question 10

12.Eyewitness testimony- misleading info, leading questions

Answer 10

Account given by someone who was at the event
Method- watched car accident film in lab and asked questions” about how fast when they hit eachother” changed verb to gradually worse
Results - more severe the verb the faster the estimate.
Discussion - leading questions by police may decrease accuracy of eye witness testimony.

Question 11

13.Leading questions evaluation

Answer 11

+ real life application , police are careful with questions, cognitive interview (non leading questions)
- lacks ecological validity , in lab not realistic experience, findings can’t be generalised in real world.

Question 12

14. Eyewitness testimony , post event discussion

Answer 12

More than one witness at event discussion before

Method- in pairs participants separately watched a crime video from diff perspectives came together and discussed.
-Results- 71% recalled aspects of the crime which weren’t in their video
- discussion, witnesses can go along with eachother for social approval

Question 13

15.Pros and cons of post event discussion

Answer 13

+ real life application, police can keep witnesses serperate.

• demand characteristics, may have thought they missed something and should’ve seen what they’re partner did.

Question 14

1.MSM- coding,capacity and duration

Answer 14

Information-attention-STM-rehearsal loop-encoding-LTM-retrieval-forgetting

Coding-SR-modality specific-STM-acoustic -LTM-semantic
Capacity- SR- millions, STM- ave 7, LTM- unlimited
Duration-SR, 1 second or less, STM-18-30secs, LTM- up to a lifetime

Question 15

4.WMM- evaluation

Answer 15

+Patient KF- partly damaged STM, couldn’t remember verbal info but could visual.
+ bad delay dual task - visual and verbal- could do, visual and visual couldn’t do l as limited processing capacity.
-eposidc buffer, gauge was to fill in gaps, oversimplified model, can listen to music with no words and read.

Question 16

16. Positive Anxiety on eye witness testimony experiment +-

Answer 16

Investigated real life shooting in a shop.
Witnesses were interviewed 4-5months later after incident and asked to rate how anxious they felt on a 7 point scale.
Positive correlation between the more anxious they were the more accurate their account was.
+real life events real anxiety , generalisable to real world.
-may be other explanations like proximity to shooter would’ve had higher anxiety levels but could also be more accurate.

Question 17

17. Negative affects on EWT +-

Answer 17

Lab study participants in waiting room hearing a heated argument in next room.
Man walks in waiting room 1.holding a knife with blood for Hugh anxiety provoking or 2. A pen low anxiety.
49% of participants who saw pen were able to correct,y identify him, only 33% could identify when seeing bloody knife.
- pickle, I’m hairdressers with people holding, scissors,hand gun, wallet or raw chicken. Memory of EWT was least accurate with gun and chicken mayb bc it is the surprise of an unusual item.
Inverted U theory, that there is optimum arousal that causes peak performance, so a moderate level of anxiety has a positive effect on anxiety.

Question 18

18. Cognitive interview +-

Answer 18

1. Reinstate context , what you heard,smelt,saw,feel,taste or even draw it out.
   2.report everything, every detail written down
   3.reverse the order,recall events backwards to prevent schemas.
2. Change perspective, imagine how other witnesses did or even go there.
   + ave number if correct facts in cog interview was 41 normal interview 29
   -time consuming and expensive.