Apporaches Flashcards
Origin of psychology +-
Wundt - father - first experimental psychology lab , developed introspection.
Introspection - examines your own mind thoughts and emotions.
+introspection , influential for therapy.
-lacks reliability as relies on persons own thoughts .
Psychodynamic approach
- Freud
- unconscious mind (ice berg)
Psycho sexual stages , oral0-1, anal1-3, phallic3-5 )oepedius and electra , latency 6-puberty , genital (puberty)
Oedipus complex - boys desire for mother, father as rival and fear them of castration. - little hans
Structure of personality - id pleasure principle , ego - reality principle and super ego is morality
Defence mechanisms - repression , buries unpleasant thought in unconscious , denial , refuse to accept and displacement anger on objects .
Evaluation for phshchogynamic
- unfalsiable therefore not scientific , it’s un observable as in unconscious mind therefore can’t be tested to be false = infalsifable .
Influential - Deena analysis in entering unconscious mind .
Behavioural
- learnt from environment
Blank skates
Classical conditioning - learning through assosicatoon , pavolov dogs, bell neutral stimulus and no response , food unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response , bell + food = unconditioned response finally bell is condition stimulus and dog has continued response.
Operant conditioning = learning through consequences, potive reinforcemrn, negative reinforcement and punishment , skinners box of rats .
Evaluation for behavioural
+ scientific , observable providing emirical data.
-only study directly observed not internal mental processes.
Humanistic
-Unique
-free will
-ideographic individual research
Maslow heirachy of needs
Physiological needs
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self actualisation
Rogers and congruence , perceives and ideal self
Barriers to congruence ,Conditions of worth , love based on achievement and unconditional positive regard , love constnatly.
Client centred therapy to achieve congruence giving unconditional positive regard.
Evaluation of humanistic
+Holistic, studies whole of person everyone different.
-ethnocentric , individualism and uniqueness is not valued as much in certain cultures therefore based on western so biased.
cognitive
Active processors of info and have internal mental processes e.g memory attention
Inference
Assumptions are made about e.g memory as it’s unobservable .
Models e.g multi store
Schema - internal mental framework of skill idea or knowledge helping us predict what will happen next.
Cognitive neuro science - studying the brain and neurological structures to understand mental processes.e.g scanning techniques lead to treatment for memory and ocd.
+lab experiments
-lacks ecological validity e.g lift us and planer video of car
Social learning theory
Badura
Observing people’s behaviour and consequences indirectly
Identification - sees person with desirable traits or similarity observe them as a role model.
Vicarious reinforcement- observe consequences of behaviour .
Mediational processes - attention , retention , reproduction and motivation.
Bobo doll - adult aggressive yh en non aggressive then rewarded then punished =more likely to imitate aggressive behaviour if rewarded
+explanatory power , aggression correlations with video games.
- biological factors e.g boys more aggressive then girls.
Biological
All behaviour is determined by biological factors like NS, hormones , genetics , evolutionary factors .
Research methods e.g twin studies =MZ twins have higher Concordant e rates than DZ, and brain scanning.
Genotype - genetic makeup phenotype - genotype that’s changed by environment .
Natural selection - behaviours are adapted to surviving .
+scientific methods e.g fmri EEG and erp therefore scientific.
- hard biological determinism , behaviour is driven by biological factors we have no control over therefore no free will.
