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Neuropsychological Assessment > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory requires ___ and a meaningful utilization of information

A

Attention

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2
Q

What predicts strength of memory?

A

Retrieval

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3
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brain’s ability to use other parts of the brain to compensate for when an area is impaired

Capacity of nervous system to modify its organization

Changes in structure and function as a result of experience

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4
Q

Neuroplasticity requires changes within ___

A

Synapses

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5
Q

What is the dominant theory of memory currently?

A

Long-term potentionation

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6
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation

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7
Q

Neurogenesis

A

New evidence that new neurons are formed in some regions of the brain

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8
Q

Changes in neuronal excitability lead to

A

Changes in the firing threshold

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9
Q

Limbic system’s association with memory

A

Controls emotions and instinctive behavior (includes hippocampus and parts of the cortex)

Emotional, memory, and motivational processes

Central role in long-term memory

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10
Q

Thalamus’s association with memory

A

Receives sensory and limbic information and sends it to the cerebral cortex

Maintains states of wakefulness and alertness

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11
Q

Hypothalamus’s association with memory

A

Monitors certain activities, maintains homeostasis, and controls body’s internal clock

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12
Q

Hippocampus’s association with memory

A

Where short-term memories are converted to long-term memories

Regulates learning, memory consolidation, and spatial navigation

NOT associated with the retrieval of remote memory

New episodic memory and memory consolidation

Perceptual aspects of memories, novel events, places, and stimuli

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13
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala

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14
Q

What role do motivation processes have to do with memory?

A

Choose what to pay attention

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15
Q

Areas of the thalamus whose damage leads to amnesia

A

Anterior nucleus
Dorsal medial nucleus
Midline
Anterior structures
Intralaminar structures

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16
Q

Which parts of the thalamus are associated with declarative memory?

A

Anterior and medial division

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17
Q

Which parts of the thalamus are associated with long-term memory?

A

Anterior and medial dorsal thalamic

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18
Q

Part of brain activated during novel object encounters

A

Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters unique to the hypothalamus modify _____ in in-vitro preparations, suggesting that the hypothalamus can control memory without changing _____.

A

Synaptic strength, attention/motivation

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20
Q

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to

A

The hippocampus

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21
Q

Ways the hippocampus can be damages

A

head trauma, ischemia (inadequate blood supply), hemorrhagic stroke, acute seizures, status epilepticus (seizure longer than 5 minutes), encephalitis, tumors, drug withdrawal, exposure to chronic unpredictable stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and anoxic (loss of oxygen) brain injury

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22
Q

Remote memory

A

Memories of the distant pass

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23
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The process by which a temporary, labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form, stores memories in like-categories

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24
Q

Part of the brain important for declarative memory

A

Hippocampus, medial temporal lobe

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25
Q

Recollection vs knowing

A

Recollection = free recall
Knowing = familiarity

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26
Q

Hippocampus is selectively involved in ___, not with ___.

A

Recollection, knowing

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27
Q

Process dissociation procedure revealed

A

Hippocampus involvement with recollection but not with knowing

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28
Q

Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy (CRT) can help patients with ___ reduce hippocampal activation in the short-term

A

Mild cognitive impairment

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29
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Interactions among neural systems as well as cellular changes within specific systems

The amygdala is critical for modulating consolidation in other brain regions

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30
Q

Networks involved in recalling pictures

A

Right prefrontal cortex and para-hippocampal cortex

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31
Q

Networks involved in recalling words

A

Left prefrontal cortex and left para-hippocampal cortex

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32
Q

LTM storage occurs

A

In the cortex, near where the memory was first processed and held in short-term memory

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33
Q

Transience

A

Decreasing ability to reach memory over time

Hippocampus and nearby structures

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34
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

Lapses of attention causing forgetfulness

Frontal lobe

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35
Q

Misattribution

A

Remembering the information but not where it came from

Frontal lobe

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36
Q

Suggestibility

A

Filling in gaps in memory with information from others

Frontal lobe

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37
Q

Blocking

A

When trying to retrieve/encode information, but another memory interferes with the retrieval/encoding

Front of temporal lobe

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38
Q

Persistence

A

Unwanted recollections unable to be forgotten

Amygdala

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39
Q

Long-term memory

A

Consists of encoding, storage, and retrieval

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40
Q

Explicit memory

A

Recognition through verbal/nonverbal means, conscious awareness is implied as is intention to remember

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41
Q

Implicit memory

A

Conscious awareness is not always necessary, priming, skill learning, and conditioning

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42
Q

Declarative memory

A

Explicit and accessible in conscious awareness

Processing information to tag memory and consolidate for storage

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43
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

Implicit and demonstrated via performance (procedural)

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44
Q

Papez circuit is

A

The major declarative memory system

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45
Q

Declarative Consolidation brain structures

A

Medial temporal lobe, diencephalon, basal forebrain (think HM)

46
Q

Hemispheric-Encoding-Retrieval-Asymmetry (HERA)

A

Prefrontal (dorsolateral) region of the left hemisphere linked to episodic encoding, prefrontal area of the right hemisphere linked to episodic retrieval

47
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

memory operating outside the limbic circuitry of explicit/declarative memory

48
Q

Implicit priming

A

occurs when a person is exposed to one stimulus, then later reacts to a similar stimulus without consciously recalling why (e.g., priming with three letter word stem from a prior list relies on visual features)

49
Q

Problems with implicit priming is a common deficit of

A

Korsakoff’s amnesia

50
Q

Artificial grammar

A

Grammar rules with a corresponding task, testing subjects’ ability to learn a made-up grammar in a laboratory setting

Posterior neocortex

51
Q

Difficulty with artificial grammar tasks is indicative of

A

Basal ganglia disease/Parkinson’s

52
Q

Classic/Associative learning

A

learned associations (e.g., pull hand away from hot surface)

53
Q

Short-term memory

A

Limited capacity and short time frame, can only accommodate more than a few thoughts, ideas, or pieces of info

As new info arrives, kicks out old info (like a small island with only a small area of habitation)

54
Q

Type of coding used by short term memory

A

phonological coding (e.g., things you hear, don’t tie to meaning)

55
Q

Type of coding used by LTM

A

Semantic (meaning) coding
Connect to limbic system

56
Q

STM deficits

A

Super rare
Damage to left posterior temporal region

57
Q

Working memory (def and brain regions)

A

Distinct system encompassing some of the capacity limitations of STM, dynamic, influencing aspects of attention and executive fx

Retention of a small amount of information in a readily accessible form

Prefrontal, cingulate, and parietal cortices

58
Q

Four components of working memory

A

Central Executive
Articulatory Phonological Loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

59
Q

Central executive

A

Attention control system, coordinates subservient system (which is a proposed deficit in AD)
Focus, shifting, and dividing attention with interactions to LTM

60
Q

Articulatory Phonological Loop

A

Stores speech-based information, important for acquisition of vocabulary

61
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Manipulates visual and spatial images

62
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Temporary and limited capacity storage system, hold and integrate information of different modalities (visual and auditory)

63
Q

Semantic memory (definition and brain regions)

A

General world knowledge
Confluence of visual, spatial somatosensory, and auditory processing systems

Inferior parietal cortex

64
Q

Procedural memory (def and brain regions)

A

Retrieving information to perform learned skills (e.g., riding a bike)

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex

65
Q

Explicit Memory (def and brain regions)

A

Long-term memory related to the recollection of factual info (e.g., phone numbers)

Hippocampus, neocortex, and amygdala

66
Q

Implicit memory (def and brain regions)

A

Information not stored purposely and unintentionally memorized (e.g., a familiar song)

Basal ganglia, cerebellum

67
Q

Iconic Memory (def and brain regions)

A

Visual sensory memories when something is seen very briefly, fast decaying store of visual information

Visual short-term memory networks and temporal lobe

68
Q

Echoic memory (def and brain regions)

A

Auditory sensory memories (spoken language)

Primary auditory cortex, both hemispheres

69
Q

Episodic Memory (def and brain regions)

A

Memory of everyday events, experiences occurring at a particular time and place (e.g., where a person’s car is parked)

Hippocampus, temporal lobes

70
Q

Spatial Memory (def and brain regions)

A

Recovery and recording of locations and spatial relationships between objects, needed for planning (e.g., where you left your keys)

Hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex

71
Q

Eidetic Memory (def and brain regions)

A

“photographic” memory, recall an image with precision after seeing it once (e.g., recall specific details of a painting)

Posterior parietal cortex

72
Q

Autobiographical Memory (def and brain regions)

A

Episodes recollected from an individual’s life, combination of episodic and semantic memory (childhood memories)

Frontal, temporal, occipital lobes

73
Q

Memory recognition

A

The ability to identify information previously encountered

74
Q

2 components of memory recognitions *

A

Recollection and familiarity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251874/

75
Q

Recollection (def and brain region)

A

Retrieval of qualitative information about a specific study episode, such as when or where an event took place

Hippocampal dependent

76
Q

Familiarity (def and brain regions)

A

Reflects a more global measure of memory strength or stimulus recency (e.g., have you seen this before?)

Adjacent perirhinal cortex

77
Q

Why has testing moved towards familiarity measures over recognition measures?

A

To reduce the risk of yes/no bias and address possible malingering - use arbitrary scales of recognition to determine strength of confidence instead

78
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory ability, usually as a result of a lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain

Marked by relatively spared performance in other parts of the brain

Pure, isolated amnesia is rare

79
Q

3 classifications of amnesia

A
  1. Source of the disease (illness/injury)
  2. Location of the area of damage
  3. Functional deficit (what type of memory is impaired)
80
Q

4 Theoretical implications of amnesia

A
  1. STM and LTM are separate processes
  2. Implicit memory and explicit memory are different systems
  3. Semantic and episodic memory can be split apart
  4. Provide insight into the nature of consciousness
81
Q

Amnesia causes

A
  1. Korsakoff’s
  2. TBI
  3. Alzheimer’s
  4. Specific brain lesions (surgical)
  5. Psychological (dissociative/fugue states)
  6. Migraines
  7. Hypoglycemia
  8. Epilepsy
  9. ECT
  10. Drugs
  11. Infections
  12. Nutritional deficiency
82
Q

Transient Global Amnesia (definition, causes)

A

Sudden temporary interruption of short-term memory, leads to inability to make new memories
Person would likely be oriented and able to provide personal information (preserved episodic)

Mostly tied to working memory deficits

Caused by strenuous activity, high stress, coitus

More common in middle-age to older adults

83
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Marked by difficulty recalling events prior to the onset of amnesia/injury

Duration varies, can be several years

Rare, short-lived, typically due to brain trauma (connect to TBI severity)

84
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Marked by difficulty recalling previously learned information because new information is interfering

85
Q

Retrograde amnesia prognosis

A

Indicative of being more harmful and a more significant impairment following injury than anterograde

Duration of amnesia typically reduces as time passes (e.g., week 1: pt lost 11 years, week 2: 2 years, week 3: last two years gradually returned)

86
Q

Retrograde amnesia is a problem of

A

Retrieval (evidence from extent of memory loss shrinking over time)

87
Q

Ribot’s Law

A

Think retrograde amnesia pattern of gradually returning memory

Recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories (first in, last out)

might reflect a failure of consolidation

88
Q

Anterograde amnesia (aka post traumatic amnesia)

A

Marked by difficulty recalling previously learned information

Refers to period of time (typically following TBI) in which new memories cannot be consistently formed

89
Q

Causes of anterograde amnesia

A

Lesions
Twisting and tearing of microstructure of the brain

90
Q

Symptomology of anterograde amnesia

A

Typically lose consciousness after a TBI
After regaining consciousness, often a gradual recovery during which patients have difficulty keeping track of and remembering ongoing events
May be moments of lucidity and memory

91
Q

Memory systems impacted by anterograde amnesia

A
  • Problems of learning new facts
  • Specific to episodic memory
  • Procedural memories are intact
  • Implicit memory performance is normal
92
Q

Case of HM

A

Case of HM (bilateral mesial temporal lobe resection extending 8 cm back from temporal tips, destroying anterior two-thirds of hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus

Attributable to hippocampal damage, amygdala, and the adjacent parahippocampal gyrus

93
Q

Anatomy of anterograde amnesia

A

Damage to hippocampus or to regions that supply its inputs and receive its outputs

Damage to limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe (impacts semantic memories)

Fornix and mammillary bodies (esp. Korsakoff’s syndrome)

Neural circuit includes hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, and anterior thalamus

94
Q

How does the hippocampus form new declarative memories?

A
  1. Receives info from sensory/motor association cortices and subcortical regions
  2. Processes info and modifies the memories being consolidated through connections back to these regions

Hippocampal formation enables use to learn the relationship between stimuli that were present at the time of an event (context) and the event itself

95
Q

Destruction of the hippocampus alone disrupts __, while destruction of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe will also impair ___.

A

Episodic memory

Semantic memory (memory of facts and general info), and thus all declarative memory

96
Q

Korsakoff’s Amnesia

A

Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

Most associated with memory dysfunction specific to initial encoding of new info (no learning or encoding = cannot consolidate = thalamus and hippocampus)

Generally preserved IQ, including normal digit span

Personality changes (apathy, passivity, indifference), inability to formulate and follow through on plans

Lack insight into condition

97
Q

What brain regions are impacted in Korsakoff’s?

A

Lesions to the medial thalamus
1. Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
2. Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

98
Q

Types of amnesia/memory impacts of Korakoff’s

A

Retrograde/anterograde amnesia with temporal gradient

Confabulation (rare after 5 years)

Worst impairments are on episodic memory tasks (e.g., word lists, figures, faces)

99
Q

Intact memory systems with Korsakoff’s

A

Relatively preserved semantic memory, including normal verbal fluency, vocab, syntax, and basic arithmetic

Intact sensorimotor memory (mirror tracing, mirror reading, pursuit rotor)

Intact performance on perceptual tasks (perceptual identification, generating category examples)

100
Q

Confabulation

A

Tendency to “fill in gaps” of one’s memories with plausible made-up stories

101
Q

Psychogenic Amnesia

A

Marked by a gap in memory, typically tied to a traumatic event while memory for recent events remains intact

Triggered by emotional or physical stress

Retrograde loss of autobiographical memory resulting in impairment of personal identity and may be accompanied by a period of wandering

102
Q

Diencephalic amnesia (def and brain regions)

A

Marked by temporal ordering impairment

Damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary nuclei

Associated with Korsakoff’s psychosis

103
Q

Bilateral temporal lobe amnesia

A

Opposite of HM

significant but more subtle “semantic” memory loss rather than total amnesia

Marked by bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe (auditory!)

May be accompanied by personality changes, irritability, depression, dementia, seizures, short-term memory loss (bilateral lobe atrophy)

104
Q

3 types of memory assessments

A

Immediate vs delayed
Verbal vs visual
Structured vs unstructured

105
Q

Correlations between subjective memory complaints and objective memory performance are generally ___ and mediated by ___

A

low; mood/anxiety symptoms

106
Q

Verbal memory

A

ability to remember words, phrases, or verbally presented info

Isolated verbal memory best measured with words presented audibly and recalled verbally

107
Q

Visual memory

A

Ability to remember objects or symbols presented visually

Typically assess ability to recall short term and long term

Isolated visual memory best measured with visual stimuli presented visually and reproduced mechanically

108
Q

Learning is optimal when

A

Both verbal and visual attention is being utilized to store info

109
Q

Immediate memory

A

Where we put information briefly until we make a decision about whether to dispose of it

Operates subconsciously or consciously, data held for up to 30 seconds

110
Q

Delayed memory

A

Ability to recall specific info after a period of rest or distraction from the info

111
Q

Structured Memory

A

Info presented in a manner that allows for use of schema, memory experience, or learned info to positively influence ability to retrieve stored stimuli

WRAML story scene, WMS logical memory

112
Q

Unstructured memory

A

Info presented as ambiguous and novel with a direct intent to minimize the impact of prior learning of experience on the ability to store and retrieve stimuli

REY, verbal word lists

Neuropsychological Assessment (9 decks)

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