Clinical Methods

Question 1

Clinical Neuropsychology

Answer 1

specialty domain in psychology which examines the relationship between behavior and brain fx in the domains of cognition, motor, sensory, and emotional fx

Question 2

Fixed battery assessments

Answer 2

set of neuropsychological tests defined within a structure or conceptual framework, give in their entirety

Question 3

Neuropsychological process assessment

Answer 3

AKA Boston Process Approach, framework that derives insights not only from final test output, but also from the process of completing cognitive tasks

Question 4

Validity

Answer 4

Degree to which a test measures what it proports to measure

Question 5

Predictive validity

Answer 5

degree to which test scores accurately predict scores on a criterion measure

Question 6

Criterion validity

Answer 6

estimate of the extent to which a measure agrees with a gold standard

Question 7

Criterion validity is limited by the test’s

Answer 7

standard deviation

Question 8

Content validity

Answer 8

how well an instrument covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure

Question 9

Sensitivity

Answer 9

measure of validity, how accurate the screening test is in identifying disease it people who really have the disease, E.g., a metal detector that detects all pieces of metal at the beach

Question 10

Specificity

Answer 10

ability to designate an individual who does not have a disease as negative
E.g., a pregnancy test needs to have high specificity to detect people who are not pregnant
E.g., metal detector does not detect pieces of plastic, etc.

Question 11

Reliability

Answer 11

degree to which a test is consistent and stable in measuring what it is intended to measure, Consistent within itself and across time

Question 12

As reliability decreases, what increases?

Answer 12

Standard error of measurement

Question 13

Reliability coefficient

Answer 13

Value ranges from 0-1, provides estimate of the amount of obtained score variance that is due to true variance rather than error

Question 14

AUC of a ROC curve reveals

Answer 14

the overall accuracy of a test (validity), plot of sensitivity and specificity

Question 15

Positive Likelihood Ratio (LR+)

Answer 15

probability that a positive test would be expected in a patient divided by the probability that a positive test would be expected in a patient without the disease
True positive / false positive

Question 16

Positive predictive power

Answer 16

probability that a person has a disease or condition given a positive test result
Sensitivity!

Question 17

Negative predictive power

Answer 17

probability that a person does not have a disease or condition given a negative test result
Specificity!

Question 18

Type I Error

Answer 18

False positive, determines something is true when it is actually false (too sensitive)

Question 19

Type II Error

Answer 19

False negative, wrongly indicates that someone does not have the condition when they do (too specific)

Question 20

Error variance (variability)

Answer 20

score that is produced by extraneous factors not attributable to the independent variable or other controlled experimental manipulations
Amount of variance explained by other factors

Question 21

Measurement errors

Answer 21

observational errors, differences between actual response and the measured response value

Question 22

Practice effects

Answer 22

any change or improvement that results from practice or repetition of task items

Question 23

Regression to the mean

Answer 23

stat phenomenon, natural variation in repeated data look like real change, unusually large or small measurements tend to be followed by measurements closer to the mean

Question 24

Hit rate

Answer 24

the percentage of cases in which a test accurately predicts success or failure on those people selected and rejected, Goal is to maximize hits and minimize misses (means test is is able to differentiate between people on a characteristic = sensitive and specific)

Question 25

Base rate

Answer 25

percentage of the population that have the characteristic

Question 26

Standard deviation

Answer 26

average amount of variability in the dataset
On average, how far each value lies from the mean

Question 27

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Answer 27

estimates how repeated measures of a person on the same instrument tend to be distributed around their “true” score, inversely related to reliability

Question 28

Statistical significance

Answer 28

measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty regarding the true answer, Statistical likelihood of a score

Question 29

Percentiles

Answer 29

value that divides a set of observations into 100 equal parts = proportion of values that a specific value is greater than or equal to

Question 30

T-test

Answer 30

statistical test that compares the means of two samples

Question 31

ANOVA

Answer 31

statistical formula used to compare variances across the means of different groups

Question 32

ANCOVA

Answer 32

analysis of covariance in combination of an ANOVA and regression analysis
Examines influence of independent variable on a dependent variable while removing the effect of the covariate factor

Question 33

Item difficulty index

Answer 33

for items with one correct alternative worth a single point, the item difficulty is simply the percentage of students who answer an item correctly

Question 34

Reliability is important ethically so that

Answer 34

Test is less affected by internal rate conditions that are unimportant to the measurement purpose or test situation’s conditions