Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Abscess

A

a circumcised collection of pus

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2
Q

Acoustic Neuromas

A

Benign tumor of the hearing nerve (8th nerve)

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3
Q

Acromegaly

A

Disorder marked by progressive enlargement of the head, face, hands, feet, and thorax, due to excessive secretion of growth hormone

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4
Q

Adenoma

A

A benign growth formed of glandular tissue

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5
Q

Agnosia

A

Absence of the ability to recognize the form and nature of persons and things

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6
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write due either to muscular coordination issues or to an inability to to phrase thought

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7
Q

Amaurosis

A

Loss of vision without a visible lesion in the eye structures or optic nerve

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8
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

Temporary blindness occurring in short periods

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9
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of the menses due to causes other than pregnancy or age

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10
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory caused by brain damage or be severe emotional trauma

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11
Q

Analgesia

A

Loss of sensitivity to pain, loss of response to a painful stimulus

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12
Q

Anaplasia

A

In the case of a body cell, a reversion to a more primitive condition. A term used to denote the alteration in cell character that constitutes malignancy

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13
Q

Anastomosis

A

A communication, direct or indirect; a joining together. In the nervous system, a joining of nerves or blood vessels

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14
Q

Anesthesiologist

A

Physician who administers pain-killing medications during sugery

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15
Q

Anancephaly

A

Absence of the greater part of the brain, often with skill deformity

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16
Q

Anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation of a body part or of the body induced by the administration of a drug

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17
Q

Aneurysm

A

Dilation of an artery, formed by a circumscribed enlargement of its wall

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18
Q

Angiogram

A

A medical imaging report that shows the blood vessels leading to and in the brain, obtained by injecting dye or contrast substance through a catheter

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19
Q

Angiography

A

Radiography of blood vessels using the injection of a material opaque to x-rays to give better definition to the vessels

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20
Q

Anorexia

A

Eating disorder marked by loss of appetite leading to excessive weight loss

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21
Q

Anosmic

A

Without the sense of smell

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22
Q

Anoxia

A

An absence of oxygen

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23
Q

Anti-coagulant

A

Medication that prevents coagulation (clotting) of the blood

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24
Q

Antidiuretic

A

An agent that reduces the output of urine

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25
Q

Aphasia

A

Difficulty with or loss of use of language in any of several ways, including reading, writing, or speaking; not related to intelligence but to specific legions in the brain

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26
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing

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27
Q

Apoplexy

A

Often used as equivalent to stroke; condition in which there is bleeding into an organ or blow flow to an organ has ceased

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28
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Arachnoiditis

A

Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane; most commonly seen around the spinal cord and cauda equina

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30
Q

Area (Cortical)

A

Part of the brain having special functions as in 1) Motor - the cortical portion of the brain controlling movement 2) Sensory - the cortical portion controlling sensation

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31
Q

Arteriography

A

Same as angiography - Radiography of blood vessels using the injection of a material opaque to x-rays to give better definition to the vessels

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32
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening and calcification of the arterial wall with loss of elasticity and contratility

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33
Q

Arteriovenous

A

Relating to both arteries and veins

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34
Q

Arteriovenous Malformation

A

Collection of blood vessels with one or several abnormal connections between arteries and veins; which may cause hemorrhage or seizures

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35
Q

Astrocyte

A

Cell that supports the neurons of the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Tumor within the substance of the brain or spinal cord made up of astrocytes; often classified from Grade I (slow growing) to Grade III (rapid growing)

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37
Q

Ataxia

A

A loss of muscular coordination, abnormal cluminess

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38
Q

Athetosis

A

Condition in which there is a succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes and feet

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39
Q

Atrophy

A

A wasting of the tissues of a body part

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40
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary nervous system; AKA the vegetative nervous system; system of nerve cells whose activities are beyond voluntary control

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41
Q

Avascular

A

Non-vascular; not provided with blood vessels

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42
Q

Axon

A

Part of a neuron that usually sends signals to other neurons or structures

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43
Q

Bactericial

A

Causing the death of bacteria

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44
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibiting or retarding the growth of bacteria

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45
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles (usually one side) due to facial nerve dysfunction of unknown cause

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46
Q

Biopsy

A

Removal of a small portion of tissue; usually for making a diagnosis

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47
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Barrier that exists between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid, which prevents the passage of various substances from the bloodstream to the brain

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48
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slowness of the heart rate

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49
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowness in movement

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50
Q

Brown-Sequard’s Syndrome

A

Loss of sensation of touch, position sense, and movement on the side of a spinal cord lesion, with loss of pain sensation on the other side; caused by a lesion limited to one side of the spinal cord

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51
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer, a malignant growth of epithelial cells or gland cells

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52
Q

Carotid artery

A

Large artery on either side of the neck that supplies most of the cerebral hemisphere

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53
Q

Carotid sinus

A

Slight dilatation on the common carotid artery at its bifurcation containing nerve cells sensitive to blood pressure; stimulation can cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure

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54
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Space under a ligament in wrist through which the median nerve enters in the palm of the hand

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55
Q

CT Scan

A

(Computed Tomography Scan) A diagnostic imaging technique in which a computer reads x-rays to create a 3D map of soft tissue or bone

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56
Q

Catheter

A

A small tube used to inject a dye to see the blood vessels, similar to that used for looking at vessels in the heart; may also be used to facilitate drainage

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57
Q

Cauda equina

A

Bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the end of the spinal cord and filling the lower part of the spinal canal

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58
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Part of the basal ganglia which are brain cells that lie deep in the brain

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59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lower part of the brain that is beneath the posterior portion of the cerebrum; regulated unconscious coordination of movement

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60
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Water-like fluid that circulates around and protects the brain and spinal cord

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61
Q

Cerebrum

A

The principal portion of the brain; occupies the major portion of the interior of the skull and controls conscious movement, sensation, and thought

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62
Q

Cervical

A

Of or relating to the neck

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63
Q

Chiasm (Optic)

A

Crossing of the visual fibers as they head toward the opposite side of the brain; for each optic nerve, most of the visual fibers cross to the opposite side while some run directly backward on each side without crossing

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64
Q

Chorea

A

Disorder, usually of childhood, characterized by irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles

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65
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Vascular structure in the ventricles of the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid

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66
Q

Coccyx

A

The small bone at the end of the spinal column formed by the fusion of four rudimentary vertebrae; AKA tail bone

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67
Q

Coma

A

State of profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused

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68
Q

Concussion

A

A disruption, usually temporary, of neurological function resulting from a blow or violent shaking

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69
Q

Contrast Medium

A

Any material (usually opaque to x-rays) employed to delineate or define a structure during a radiologic procedure

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70
Q

Contusion

A

A bruise; cerebral contusions often involve blood vessels that leak into brain tissue

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71
Q

Coronal Suture

A

Line of junction of the frontal bones and the parietal bones of the skull

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72
Q

Cortex

A

The external layer of gray matter covering the hemispheres of the cerebrum and cerebellum

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73
Q

Cranium

A

Part of the skull that holds the brain

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74
Q

Craniectomy

A

Excision of the portion of the skull

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75
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

Tumor arising from the embryonic duct between the brain and pharynx

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76
Q

Cranioplasty

A

The operative repair of a defect of the skull

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77
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Premature closure of cranial structures, limiting or distorting the growth of the skull

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78
Q

Craniotomy

A

Opening of the skull, usually by creating a flap of bone

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79
Q

CSF

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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80
Q

Depressed skull fracture

A

A break in the bones of the head in which some bone is pushed inward, possibly pushing on or cutting into the brain

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81
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Excretion of large amounts of urine of low specific gravity; the inability to concentrate urine

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82
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Damage to the axons of many nerve cells that lie in different parts of the brain

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83
Q

Diffuse brain injury

A

Damage to the brain that can affect many parts of the brain, often in a subtle fashion; examples include diffuse axonal injury and inadequate blood flow

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84
Q

Diphenylhydantion

A

Dilantin; a medication used to control seizures

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85
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision due usually to weakness or paralysis of one or more of the extra-ocular muscles

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86
Q

Disc

A

The intervertebral disc - cartilaginous cushion found between the vertebrae of the spinal column; may bulge beyond the vertebral body and compress nearby nerve root, causing pain; Terms “slipped” or “ruptured” or “herniated” disc are often used interchangeably even though there are subtle differences

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87
Q

Doppler

A

Non-invasive study that uses sound waves to show the flow in a blood vessel and can be used to determine the degree of narrowing (percent stenosis) of the vessel; a wand is placed on the skin over the vessel that is to be imaged; no risks and not painful

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87
Q

Dome

A

Round balloon-like portion of the aneurysm which usually arises from the artery from a smaller portion called the neck of the aneurysm

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88
Q

Dura / Dura Matter

A

A tough fibrous membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord, but is separated from them by a small space; outermost layer of the three membranes

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89
Q

Dysesthesia

A

Condition in which ordinary touch, temperature, or movement produces a disagreeable sensation

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90
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty in the use of language due to a brain lesion without mental impairment

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91
Q

Dystonia Musculorm Deformans

A

An affliction, occurring especially in children, marked by muscular contractions producing distortions of the spine and hips

92
Q

Edema

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid generally in the extracellular or intracellular areas of the brain

93
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Study of the electrical currents set up by brain actions; the record made is called an electroencephalogram

94
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

Method of recording electrical currents generated in a muscle during contraction

95
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Removal of fatty or cholesterol plaques and calcified deposits from the internal wall of an artery

96
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Gland that furnishes an internal secretion, usually having an effect on another organ

97
Q

Endocrinopathy

A

Any disease due to abnormality of quantity or quality in one or more of the internal glandular secretions

98
Q

Ependyma

A

The membrane lining the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

99
Q

Ependymoma

A

A growth in the brain or spinal cord arising from ependymal tissue

100
Q

Epidural

A

Immediately outside of the dura matter; same as extradural; also a form of local analgesia and anesthesia often injected into the outer section of the spinal canal

101
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

A blood clot between the dura matter and the inside of the skull

102
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, causing abnormal sensation, movement, or level of consciousness

103
Q

Falx (cerebri)

A

An extension of the dura between the right and left hemispheres of the brain

104
Q

Fontanelle

A

Normal openings in the skills of infants; the largest of these is the anterior fontanel or “soft spot” in the middle of the head

105
Q

Foraminotomy

A

Surgical opening or enlargement of the bony opening traversed by a nerve root as it leaves the spinal canal

106
Q

Fusiform aneurysm

A

A sausage-like enlargement of the vessel

107
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Discharge of milk from the breasts unassociated with nursing or childbirth

108
Q

Gamma Knife

A

Equipment that precisely delivers a concentrated dose of radiation to a predetermined target using gamma rays

109
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A

The most widely used system of classifying the severity of head injuries or other neurologic diseases

110
Q

Glasgow Outcome Scale

A

Widely used system of classifying outcome after head injury or other neurologic diseases

111
Q

Glia (or neuroglia)

A

Major support cells of the brain; involved in nutrition and maintenance of neurons

112
Q

Glioma

A

Tumor formed by glial cells

113
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Rapidly growing tumor composed of primitive glial cells, mainly arising from astrocytes

114
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Part of the basal ganglia, which are brain cells that lie deep in the brain

115
Q

Hemangioma

A

Aggregation of multiple, dilated blood vessels

116
Q

Hematoma

A

Collection of blood outside of the blood vessels

117
Q

Hemianopia

A

Loss of vision of one-half of the visual field

118
Q

Hemiatrophy

A

Atrophy of half of an organ or half of the body

119
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

120
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding due to the escape of blood from a blood vessel

121
Q

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

A

Extrusion of the central portion of an intervertebral disc through the outer cartilaginous ring; material can compress the spinal cord or nerves in or exiting the spinal cord

122
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substance formed in one gland or part of the body and carried by the blood to another organ which it stimulates to functional activity

123
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Condition, often congenital, marked by abnormal and excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles; this dilates the ventricles and (in infants and young children) causes the head to enlarge

124
Q

Hydromyelia

A

Expansion of the spinal cord due to increased size of the central canal of the cord which is filled with CSF

125
Q

Hyperacusis

A

Abnormal acuteness of hearing or auditory sensation

126
Q

Hypersthesia

A

Excessive sensibility to touch, pain, or other stimuli

127
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

128
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Collection of specialized nerve cells at the base of the brain that controls the anterior and posterior pituitary secretions; involved in other basic regulatory functions such as temperature control and attention

129
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk extending from the base of the brain to the pituitary gland

130
Q

Intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation device

A

Pump that is inserted into the main vessel of the body (the aorta) to help the heart deliver blood to critical organs such as the brain or kidneys

131
Q

Intra-arterial catheterization angiography

A

An invasive study in which a catheter is placed in the artery and contrast material is injected to which makes the blood vessels visible on an X-Ray image. The catheter is inserted in the groin into the femoral artery (the artery to the leg) through a needle, and is guided into the arteries in the neck and head.

132
Q

Intracerebral Hematoma

A

Blood clot within the brain

133
Q

Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

A

Overall pressure inside the skull

134
Q

Intraoperative cisternography

A

Administration of a contrast dye into the ventricles, which are chambers in the brain that control brain fluid

135
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate circulation of blood generally due to a blockage of an artery

136
Q

Jugular veins

A

Major veins on each side of the neck draining blood from the head toward the heart

137
Q

Labyrinth

A

The internal ear; comprised of the semi-circular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

138
Q

Lamina

A

The flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal

139
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae

140
Q

Laminotomy

A

An opening made in a lamina

141
Q

Leptomaninges

A

Two thin layers of fine tissue covering the brain and spinal cord; the pia matter and the arachnoid

142
Q

Leukodystrophy

A

Disturbance of the white matter of the brain

143
Q

Leukoencephalitis

A

Inflammation of the white matter of the brain

144
Q

Linear accelerator

A

Equipment that precisely delivers a concentrated dose of radiation to a predetermined target using X-rays

145
Q

Lipoma

A

A benign fatty tumor usually composed of mature fat cells

146
Q

Lordosis

A

Curvature of the spine with convexity forward

147
Q

Lumbar drain

A

Device (usually long, thin, flexible tube) inserted through the skin into the cerebral spinal fluid space of the lower back; provides a method of draining CSF

148
Q

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

A

A non-invasive study that is conducted in a magnetic resonance imager (MRI). The magnetic images are assembled by a computer to provide an image of the arteries in the head and neck.

149
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology rather than X-rays.

150
Q

Median Nerve

A

Nerve formed from the brachial plexus that supplies muscles in the anterior forearm and thumb as well as sensation of the hand; may be compressed or trapped at the wrist in carpal tunnel syndrome

151
Q

Medulloblastoma

A

Tumor composed of medulloblasts which are cells that develop in the roof of the fourth ventricle (medulary velum)

152
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes covering the spinal cord and brain termed dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

153
Q

Meningioma

A

Firm, often vascular, tumor arising from coverings of the brain

154
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

155
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of the covering of the spinal cord or brain through a defect in the skull or vertebral column

156
Q

Meningoencephalitis

A

Inflammation or infection of the brain and meninges

157
Q

Meningoencephalocele

A

A protrusion of both the meninges and brain tissue through a skull defect

158
Q

Myelin

A

Fat-like substance that surrounds the axon and forms an insulating material

159
Q

Myelogram

A

X-ray of the spinal canal following the injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebral spinal fluid spaces

160
Q

Myelopathy

A

Any functional or pathological disturbance in the spinal cord

161
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

A protrusion of the spinal cord and its coverings through a defect in the vertebral column

162
Q

Myopathy

A

Any disease of the muscle

163
Q

Neuralgia

A

A paroxysmal pain extending along the course of one or more nerves

164
Q

Neurectomy

A

Excision of part of a nerve

165
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of a nerve; may also be used to denote non-inflammatory nerve lesions of the peripheral nervous system

166
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Tumor of the SNS, found mostly in infants and children

167
Q

Neurofibroma

A

Tumor of the peripheral nerves due to abnormal collection of fibrous and insulating cells

168
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

A familial condition characterized by developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles and skin, marked by numerous tumors affecting these organ systems

169
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

170
Q

Neurolysis

A

Removal of scar or reactive tissue from a nerve or nerve root

171
Q

Neuroma

A

Tumor or growth largely made up of nerve fibers and connective tissue

172
Q

Neuropathy

A

Any functional or pathological disturbance the PNS

173
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rapid movement of the eyes in the horizonal, vertical or rotary planes of the eyeball

174
Q

Occiput

A

The back part of the head

175
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Non-nerve cells (see glia) forming part of the supporting structure of the CNS

176
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

A growth of nerve cells derived from the oligodendroglia

177
Q

Ophthalmoplegia

A

Paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles

178
Q

Osteoma

A

A benign tumor of bone

179
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone due to infection which may be localized or generalized

180
Q

Papilledema

A

Swelling of the optic nerve head that can be seen in the back of the retina during eye examination

181
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower part of the body including legs

182
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Body cavity in which the abnormal organs are situated

183
Q

Pituitary

A

Gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones into the blood stream; hormones then regulate other glands including the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads; “Master Gland”

184
Q

Polyneuritis

A

Inflammation of two or more nerves simultaneously

185
Q

Porencephaly

A

Abnormal cavity within brain tissue using results from outpouching of a lateral ventricle

186
Q

Post-Ictal

A

State following a seizure often characterized by altered function of the limbs and/or mentation

187
Q

Propioception

A

Sensation concerning movements of joints and position of the body in space

188
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri

A

Raised intracranial pressure usually causing only headache and papilledema; no clear underlying structural abnormality

189
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

Defect in vision or blindness in 1/4 of the visual field

190
Q

Quadreiplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

191
Q

Rachischisis

A

Abnormal congenital opening of the vertebral column

192
Q

Radiation oncologist

A

Medical doctor with advanced training in the treatment of persons receiving x-ray treatment for an illness

193
Q

Radiation Physicist

A

A person having a PhD degree trained in the science dealing with the properties, changes and interactions of continuous energy.

194
Q

Radiologist

A

A medical doctor who has received specialized training in interpreting X-rays, CTs, MRIs and performing angiography

195
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Treatment of a lesion with radiation

196
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

Balloon-like outpouching of a vessel (more common type of aneurysm)

197
Q

Scotoma

A

Area of decreased vision surrounded by an area of less depressed or normal vision

198
Q

Shunt

A

Tube or device implanted in the body to divert excess CSF away from the brain to another place in the body

199
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Congenital defect of the spine marked by the absence of a portion of the spine

200
Q

Spinal fusion

A

Operative method of strengthening and limiting motion of the spinal column that can be performed with a variety of metal instruments and/or bone grafts

201
Q

Spondylolsthesis

A

Forward displacement of one vertebra on another

202
Q

Sponsylosis

A

Degenerative bone changes in the spine usually most marked at the vertebral joints

203
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing

204
Q

Stereotactic

A

Originating from the Greek “stereo” meaning 3D and “tactos” meaning touch; techniques for surgical treatment or scientific investigation that permit the accurate positioning of probes inside the brain or other parts of the body, based on three-dimensional diagrams

205
Q

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

A

Precise delivery of radiation to a preselected stereotactically localized target

206
Q

Strabismus

A

Deviation of eye movement that prevents the two eyes from moving in a parallel fashion

207
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrage

A

Blood in or bleeding into the pace under the arachnoid membrane, most commonly from trauma or from rupture of an aneurysm

208
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Collection of blood (clot) trapped under the dura matter (the outermost membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

209
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Fluid filled cavity in the spinal cord

210
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumor or growth made up of several different types of tissue (e.g., fat, bone, muscle, skin)

211
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot attached to the wall of an artery

212
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain cells which lie in the upper part of the brainstem

213
Q

Transsphenoidal Approach

A

Operative method of reaching the pituitary glad or skull base by traversing the nose and sinuses

214
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A

Paroxysmal pain in the face; pain may be so severe that it causes in involuntary grimace or “tic”

215
Q

Ultrasound

A

Use of high-frequency sound to create images of internal body structures

216
Q

Valve

A

Device placed in a shunt system to regulate the rate and direction of CSF flow

217
Q

Vasoconstruction

A

Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels

218
Q

Vasopressin

A

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary that raises blood pressure and increases re-absorption of water by the kidneys

219
Q

Vasopressor

A

Agent that constricts the arteries and raises bp

220
Q

Vasospasm

A

Spasm of blood vessels, decreasing their diameter

221
Q

Ventricle

A

Cavities or chambers within the brain that contain the CSF; two lateral ventricles and midline third and fourth ventricles

222
Q

Ventriculitis

A

Inflammation and/or infection of the ventricles

223
Q

Ventriculogram

A

X-ray study of ventricles

224
Q

Ventriculostomy

A

An opening into the ventricles of the brain, achieved by inserting a small thin hollow catheter; serves as a means to relieve pressure from the brain and spinal cord

225
Q

Ventricular Drainage

A

Insertion of a small tube into the ventricles to drain CSF; usually performed when pressure is increased

226
Q

Vermis

A

Middle part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres

227
Q

Vertebra

A

Any of the 33 bones of the spinal column

228
Q

Vertigo

A

Abnormal sensation of rotation or movement of one’s self or the environment