Language and Aphasias

Question 1

Neural substrate

Answer 1

neuroscientific term to indicate part of the CNS underlying a specific behavior, cognitive process, or psych state

Question 2

Broca’s area

Answer 2

Speech-motor center

Question 3

Wernicke’s area

Answer 3

sensory speech area

Question 4

Arcuate fasciculus (AF)

Answer 4

Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Question 5

Neurolinguistics

Answer 5

relationship between language and the brain

Question 6

Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)

Answer 6

psychological approach involving strategies used by successful individuals and applying those individuals to reach a personal goal - related to thoughts, language, and patterns of bx learned through experience, e.g., learning where to put attention in conversations, habitual linguistic patterns, and body language

Question 7

Brain areas activated in language

Answer 7

Middle and interior temporal gyri
Temporal pole
Fusiform gyri
Lingula
Middle prefrontal areas (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
Insula

Question 8

Right hemisphere contribution to understanding language

Answer 8

Intonation, emotional nuance comprehension, irony, sarcasm, and humor, tone, prosody

Question 9

Language

Answer 9

complex communication system consisting of a group of sounds and written symbols used by the people of a particular region for writing or speaking

Question 10

Difference between a language disorder and a speech disorder

Answer 10

speech disorder = trouble making sounds
Language disorder = can produce sounds but has difficulty using them for communication

Question 11

Expressive language disorder

Answer 11

have difficulty conveying the message when they talk to others
May understand what others say, but struggle to express their own thoughts and ideas through language

Question 12

Receptive language disorder

Answer 12

difficulty understanding the meaning of what others talk about
Will thus respond to others in ways that don’t make sense

Question 13

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

Answer 13

struggle in both understanding and using language, trouble understanding what others say and being understood

Question 14

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 14

non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical structure, telegraphic and agrammatic

Limited spontaneous speech, inability to repeat statements made during testing, yet able to follow instructions

Question 15

telegraphic

Answer 15

taking away the grammar and leaving content words (e.g., “ball up” or “foot in”)

Question 16

agrammatic

Answer 16

slow, effortful, non-fluent speech and usually accompanied by marked reduction in phrase length and syntactic connectivity

Question 17

Non-fluent aphasia

Answer 17

produce a failure in language expression, written or verbal, and are often associated with pathologies in Broca’s brain area

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

area in cerebrum responsible for receptive language and speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

Question 19

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 19

result of damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus, fluent but empty speech, normal prosody, grammatical inflections, utterances of normal length, poor comprehension

Question 20

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Answer 20

degenerative brain disorder caused by lack of B1, marked by confusion, loss of mental activity which can progress to coma/death, ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), leg tremor, and vision changes (abnormal eye movements, nystagmus, double vision, and eyelid drooping)

Question 21

Paraphasia

Answer 21

speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless

Question 22

Phonological/phonemic paraphasia

Answer 22

disturbances with speech sounds
Omissions - e.g., tying (trying)
Additions - e.g., slipped on the lice (ice)
Transpositions - e.g., repuceration (recuperation)

Question 23

Verbal paraphasia /semantic paraphasia

Answer 23

substituted word is related to the intended word (e.g., I spend the whole day working on the television… I mean computer)

Question 24

Neologisms

Answer 24

Make up fake words

Question 25

Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)

Answer 25

impaired auditory comprehension with intact repetition and fluent speech
E.g., hears the phrase “Are you home?” and might respond by repeating part of the question “you home” or respond with the same question “are you home”

Question 26

Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)

Answer 26

non-fluent aphasia with speech marked by halting and lots of starts and stops
Marked by good repetition skills, especially compared to spontaneous speech
Struggle to respond to questions
Typically caused by a stroke near Broca’s area, just to the front

Question 27

Conduction aphasia

Answer 27

rare type of aphasia in which comprehension and expression remain intact, but the patient shows isolated impairment in the ability to repeat phrases
May have difficulty following instructions
Lesion of the arcuate fasciculus

Question 28

Anomic Aphasia

Answer 28

common aphasia also referred to as anomia, simply the inability to name objects
Result of small strokes or neuro degen
Typically caused by damage to the angular gyrus in the left hemisphere

Question 29

Primary Progressive Aphasia

Answer 29

type of dementia caused by damage to the brain locations controlling language, personality, emotions, and bx

Question 30

Primary Progressive Aphasia semantic variant

Answer 30

progressive loss of semantic knowledge in the context of otherwise preserved language and cognition (lose meaning but can still produce language)

Question 31

Receptive language

Answer 31

the “input” of language, the ability to understand and comprehend spoken language that you hear or read

Question 32

Expressive language

Answer 32

the ability to request objects, make choices, ask questions, answer, and describe events. Speaking, gesturing (waving, pointing), writing (texting, emailing), facial expressions (crying, smiling), and vocalizations (crying, yelling) are all variations

Question 33

Global aphasia

Answer 33

profound impairment of all modalities of receptive and expressive language