Language and Aphasias Flashcards
Neural substrate
neuroscientific term to indicate part of the CNS underlying a specific behavior, cognitive process, or psych state
Broca’s area
Speech-motor center
Wernicke’s area
sensory speech area
Arcuate fasciculus (AF)
Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
Neurolinguistics
relationship between language and the brain
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
psychological approach involving strategies used by successful individuals and applying those individuals to reach a personal goal - related to thoughts, language, and patterns of bx learned through experience, e.g., learning where to put attention in conversations, habitual linguistic patterns, and body language
Brain areas activated in language
Middle and interior temporal gyri
Temporal pole
Fusiform gyri
Lingula
Middle prefrontal areas (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
Insula
Right hemisphere contribution to understanding language
Intonation, emotional nuance comprehension, irony, sarcasm, and humor, tone, prosody
Language
complex communication system consisting of a group of sounds and written symbols used by the people of a particular region for writing or speaking
Difference between a language disorder and a speech disorder
speech disorder = trouble making sounds
Language disorder = can produce sounds but has difficulty using them for communication
Expressive language disorder
have difficulty conveying the message when they talk to others
May understand what others say, but struggle to express their own thoughts and ideas through language
Receptive language disorder
difficulty understanding the meaning of what others talk about
Will thus respond to others in ways that don’t make sense
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
struggle in both understanding and using language, trouble understanding what others say and being understood
Broca’s aphasia
non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical structure, telegraphic and agrammatic
Limited spontaneous speech, inability to repeat statements made during testing, yet able to follow instructions
telegraphic
taking away the grammar and leaving content words (e.g., “ball up” or “foot in”)
agrammatic
slow, effortful, non-fluent speech and usually accompanied by marked reduction in phrase length and syntactic connectivity
Non-fluent aphasia
produce a failure in language expression, written or verbal, and are often associated with pathologies in Broca’s brain area
Wernicke’s area
area in cerebrum responsible for receptive language and speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe
Wernicke’s aphasia
result of damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus, fluent but empty speech, normal prosody, grammatical inflections, utterances of normal length, poor comprehension
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
degenerative brain disorder caused by lack of B1, marked by confusion, loss of mental activity which can progress to coma/death, ataxia (loss of muscle coordination), leg tremor, and vision changes (abnormal eye movements, nystagmus, double vision, and eyelid drooping)
Paraphasia
speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless
Phonological/phonemic paraphasia
disturbances with speech sounds
Omissions - e.g., tying (trying)
Additions - e.g., slipped on the lice (ice)
Transpositions - e.g., repuceration (recuperation)
Verbal paraphasia /semantic paraphasia
substituted word is related to the intended word (e.g., I spend the whole day working on the television… I mean computer)
Neologisms
Make up fake words
Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)
impaired auditory comprehension with intact repetition and fluent speech
E.g., hears the phrase “Are you home?” and might respond by repeating part of the question “you home” or respond with the same question “are you home”
Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)
non-fluent aphasia with speech marked by halting and lots of starts and stops
Marked by good repetition skills, especially compared to spontaneous speech
Struggle to respond to questions
Typically caused by a stroke near Broca’s area, just to the front
Conduction aphasia
rare type of aphasia in which comprehension and expression remain intact, but the patient shows isolated impairment in the ability to repeat phrases
May have difficulty following instructions
Lesion of the arcuate fasciculus
Anomic Aphasia
common aphasia also referred to as anomia, simply the inability to name objects
Result of small strokes or neuro degen
Typically caused by damage to the angular gyrus in the left hemisphere
Primary Progressive Aphasia
type of dementia caused by damage to the brain locations controlling language, personality, emotions, and bx
Primary Progressive Aphasia semantic variant
progressive loss of semantic knowledge in the context of otherwise preserved language and cognition (lose meaning but can still produce language)
Receptive language
the “input” of language, the ability to understand and comprehend spoken language that you hear or read
Expressive language
the ability to request objects, make choices, ask questions, answer, and describe events. Speaking, gesturing (waving, pointing), writing (texting, emailing), facial expressions (crying, smiling), and vocalizations (crying, yelling) are all variations
Global aphasia
profound impairment of all modalities of receptive and expressive language
