Memory Flashcards
what is coding?
the form in which memory is retained
what is capacity?
how much information the certain store can retain
what is duration?
how long the certain store can retain the information for
what happens if we don’t pay attention to sensory data?
we immediately forget it
how can information be lost from each store?
forgetting
how can data move from the sensory register to the STM?
paying attention
how do you keep information in the STM?
rehearsal
how can information be ‘displaced’ from the STM?
if the STM have become overloaded (as it has a small capacity)
how can info from the STM move to the LTM
sufficient rehearsal
how long can information stay in the LTM?
up to a lifetime unless decay
how can information go from the LTM to the STM
retrieval
who was the multi-store model created by?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
in what forms can information be encoded?
ionic (visual) or
echoic (audio)
what did Crowder (1993) find about the coding of the sensory register?
the SR only retains information in the ionic store for a few milliseconds, but for 2-3 seconds without the echoic store
what did Walsh and Thompson (1993) find about duration of SR?
SR has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases with age
what did Sterling (1960) find about the capacity of the SR?
showed participants a grid of 12 letters for 0.5s & asked them to write it down
more letters recalled when fewer given to focus on, shows information decays rapidly in SR
what did Miller (1956) find about the capacity of STM?
digit span test
given series of numbers progressively increased amount of numbers
majority of participants could recall 5-9 digits
can be made easier by chunking
what did Peterson&Peterson find about the duration of STM?
remembering consonant trigrams after different intervals & asked to count backwards once seen
90% recall after 3s
2% recall after 18s
duration of STM around 30s
define the primacy effect
an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on
define the recency effect
when people tend to recall the most recent information more accurately
what is the capacity of the LTM?
potentially unlimited
how is information usually coded in the LTM?
semantically
how is information usually coded in the STM?
acoustically
how big did miller thing the capacity of the STM was?
5-9 items (can remember more units with chunking)
