Memory

Question 1

what is coding?

Answer 1

the form in which memory is retained

Question 2

what is capacity?

Answer 2

how much information the certain store can retain

Question 3

what is duration?

Answer 3

how long the certain store can retain the information for

Question 4

what happens if we don’t pay attention to sensory data?

Answer 4

we immediately forget it

Question 5

how can information be lost from each store?

Answer 5

forgetting

Question 6

how can data move from the sensory register to the STM?

Answer 6

paying attention

Question 7

how do you keep information in the STM?

Answer 7

rehearsal

Question 8

how can information be ‘displaced’ from the STM?

Answer 8

if the STM have become overloaded (as it has a small capacity)

Question 9

how can info from the STM move to the LTM

Answer 9

sufficient rehearsal

Question 10

how long can information stay in the LTM?

Answer 10

up to a lifetime unless decay

Question 11

how can information go from the LTM to the STM

Answer 11

retrieval

Question 12

who was the multi-store model created by?

Answer 12

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 13

in what forms can information be encoded?

Answer 13

ionic (visual) or
echoic (audio)

Question 14

what did Crowder (1993) find about the coding of the sensory register?

Answer 14

the SR only retains information in the ionic store for a few milliseconds, but for 2-3 seconds without the echoic store

Question 15

what did Walsh and Thompson (1993) find about duration of SR?

Answer 15

SR has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases with age

Question 16

what did Sterling (1960) find about the capacity of the SR?

Answer 16

showed participants a grid of 12 letters for 0.5s & asked them to write it down
more letters recalled when fewer given to focus on, shows information decays rapidly in SR

Question 17

what did Miller (1956) find about the capacity of STM?

Answer 17

digit span test
given series of numbers progressively increased amount of numbers
majority of participants could recall 5-9 digits
can be made easier by chunking

Question 18

what did Peterson&Peterson find about the duration of STM?

Answer 18

remembering consonant trigrams after different intervals & asked to count backwards once seen
90% recall after 3s
2% recall after 18s
duration of STM around 30s

Question 19

define the primacy effect

Answer 19

an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on

Question 20

define the recency effect

Answer 20

when people tend to recall the most recent information more accurately

Question 21

what is the capacity of the LTM?

Answer 21

potentially unlimited

Question 22

how is information usually coded in the LTM?

Answer 22

semantically

Question 23

how is information usually coded in the STM?

Answer 23

acoustically

Question 24

how big did miller thing the capacity of the STM was?

Answer 24

5-9 items (can remember more units with chunking)

Question 25

what are the three stores of the multi-store model?
(Atkinson & Shiffrin)

Answer 25

SR, STM & LTM

Question 26

what type of model is the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 26

linear (new information travels in one direction)