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PSYC 1001 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

Chapter 7 of the Pearson Textbook. Covers the definition of memory, the processes and types of memory, the biology of memory, and how we measure memory.

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Retention of information over time

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2
Q

What is a paradox of memory?

A

A seeming contradiction between memory and true events

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3
Q

When recalling events do we actively construct or passively reproduce our memories?

A

Actively construct

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4
Q

Why should we be skeptical of “photocopy” memories or dreams?

A

We rarely reproduce exact replicas of memories

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5
Q

HINT: What are the 3 Systems of Memory?

A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short-Term Memory
  3. Long-Term Memory
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6
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Tied closely to raw materials of our experiences and perceptions, lasts for a few seconds

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7
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Actively works with information and transforms it into something meaningful

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8
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Retains important information for long periods of time

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9
Q

Why are the systems of memory often referred to as a “memory assembly line”?

A

Each type of memory is a “factory worker” that passes along information to each other

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10
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

A visual sensory memory that lasts only about 1 second

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11
Q

By which 2 ways can we lose information in our short-term memory?

A
  1. Decay - information fades over time
  2. Interference - loss of information due to competition of new incoming information
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12
Q

What is chunking?

A

A method used to expand our short-term memory span, “chunks” information into meaningful groups

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13
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

The repetition of information in the short-term memory to extend the duration

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14
Q

What are the 2 main types of rehearsal?

A
  1. Maintenance rehearsal - repetition of stimuli without changing it
  2. Elaborative rehearsal - linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way
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15
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of long-term memory?

A
  1. Explicit Memory - process of recalling information intentionally
  2. Implicit Memory - process of recalling information unintentionally
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16
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

The experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to come up with it

17
Q

What are the 2 most common types of amnesia?

A
  1. Retrograde - loss of past memories
  2. Anterograde - loss of ability to make new memories
18
Q

Overused and spreaded by misinformation from Hollywood, what is generalized amnesia?

A

A very rare type of amnesia that describes the loss of memory encompassing the individual’s entire life

19
Q

What 2 parts of the brain are central to giving us emotional memories and what are their functions?

A
  1. Amygdala - help us recall emotions associated with fearful events
  2. Hippocampus - helps us recall the events themselves
20
Q

Memory usually begins to show decline after about what age?

A

65

21
Q

What is an engram?

A

The physical trace of each memory in the brain

22
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons by repetitive stimulation over time

23
Q

What is senility?

A

The degradation of the brain due to old age

24
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

The most frequent cause of dementia (severe memory loss), makes up of 50-60% of cases

25
Q

What are the 3 Processes of Memory?

A
  1. Encoding - getting information into our memory banks
  2. Storage - process of keeping information in memory
  3. Retrieval - acquiring information from long-term memory
26
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

Learning aids that enhance recall, e.g. (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally)

27
Q

True or false: most events we experience are never encoded in the first place.

A

True

28
Q

What is the Pegword Method?

A

Using rhyming to connect two seemingly different words together

29
Q

What is the Method of Loci?

A

Place imagery in a form of a route to recall different things on the path

30
Q

What is the Keyword Method?

A

Language learning, uses different languages to help with vocabulary in foreign languages

31
Q

What are schemas?

A

Organized knowledge structures or mental models that we’ve stored in memory

32
Q

What do we depend on when we store our experiences in memory?

A

Our interpretations and expectations of them

33
Q

What are failures of retrieval?

A

Types of forgetting

34
Q

What are the purpose of retrieval cues?

A

Techniques used to access information in the long-term memory more easily

35
Q

What is meta-memory?

A

Knowledge about our memory abilities and limitations

36
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Emotional memories that are incredibly vivid and detailed

PSYC 1001 (8 decks)

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