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PSYC 1001 > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

Sometimes we have alterations of “normal” consciousness. Give 4 examples.

A

Sleep paralysis, out-of-body, near-death, and mystical experiences

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3
Q

What is the circadian rhythm?

A

A 24-hour internal clock that cycles between sleepiness and alertness, sleep-wake cycle

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4
Q

Falling asleep is triggered by an increase in a certain hormone secreted by the pineal gland. What is this hormone?

A

Melatonin

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5
Q

What is jet lag?

A

A disruption of circadian rhythm that includes physiological and behavioural responses to jet travel across time zones

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6
Q

About how long is 1 sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

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7
Q

There are 2 basic types of sleep. What are they?

A
  1. REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
  2. Non-REM
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8
Q

Which stage(s) of sleep are REM sleep?

A

Stage 5

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9
Q

How long does Stage 1 of sleep last?

A

About 5-10 minutes

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10
Q

What kind of waves are emitted during Stage 1 of sleep?

A

Theta waves

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11
Q

What happens during Stage 1 of sleep?

A

Imagery just before falling asleep, sudden muscle spasms

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12
Q

How long does Stage 2 of sleep last?

A

About 10-30 minutes, up to 65% of total sleep

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13
Q

What does the brain emit during Stage 2 of sleep?

A

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

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14
Q

What are stages 1 and 2 considered in the sleep cycle?

A

Light sleep

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15
Q

What are stages 3 and 4 considered in the sleep cycle?

A

Deeper sleep

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16
Q

How long does deeper sleep last in the sleep cycle?

A

15-30 minutes

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17
Q

What type of waves are emitted during deeper sleep?

A

Delta waves

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18
Q

How long does REM sleep last?

A

10-20 minutes

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19
Q

In which stage of sleep is brain activity similar to wakefulness?

A

Stage 5 - REM Sleep

20
Q

What is special about REM sleep?

A

Stage where dreaming takes place, becomes longer as the night goes on

21
Q

How much sleep should most people get a night?

A

7-10 hours

22
Q

What does Freud’s Dream Protection Theory suggest about our dreams?

A

Dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment - this requires interpretation to reveal true meaning

23
Q

Why is Freud’s Dream Protection Theory rejected by most scientists?

A

There isn’t enough evidence to back this up - people have very few sexual dreams and most are negative in content

24
Q

What does the Activation-Synthesis Theory of dreams claim?

A

Dreams reflect the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural signals during dreaming

25
Q

What does the Neurocognitive Theory of dreams claim?

A

Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities that shape what we dream about

26
Q

About how much of the population experiences a sleep disorder at some point of their lives?

A

30-50%

27
Q

What is the most common type of sleep disorder and what symptoms are associated with it?

A

Insomnia - difficulty going to, staying asleep, or early waking

28
Q

What is narcolepsy and what likely causes it?

A

The rapid and unexpected onset of sleep, likely due to a lack of orexin production, a chemical that plays a key role in sleepiness

29
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Caused by the blockage of the airway during sleep, the victim may wake up briefly hundreds of times per night

30
Q

What are night terrors?

A

Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, sweating, being confused, and then returning to a deep sleep

31
Q

In how many children and adults does sleepwalking occur?

A

Children - 15-30%
Adults - 3-5%

32
Q

What is sleep paralysis and which sleep disorder does it often co-occur with?

A

A temporary loss of muscle function during sleep, often co-occurs with narcolepsy

33
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli

34
Q

What is the sense that our consciousness has left our body called?

A

An out-of-body experience (OBE)

35
Q

What is déjà vu?

A

The feeling of reliving an experience that is actually new

36
Q

What are mystical experiences?

A

Experiences that involve a sense of unity with the world, often associated with religious/spiritual practices

37
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A set of techniques that provide people with suggestions for alterations in perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

38
Q

What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence?

A

Abuse - causes recurrent problems with using a substance
Dependence - usually serious and leads to clinically significant impairment or distress

39
Q

Name 5 different types of drugs.

A
  1. Depressants
  2. Sedative-Hypnotics
  3. Stimulants
  4. Narcotics
  5. Psychedelics
40
Q

What kind of drug is the most widely used and abused drug in our society and which category does it belong in?

A

Alcohol, depressant

41
Q

Why are sedative-hypnotics prescribed to people?

A

To assist with anxiety or insomnia, as they can exert a calming or sleep-inducing effect

42
Q

What kind of drugs increase activity in the CNS?

A

Stimulants

43
Q

What is the most powerful stimulant and reinforcer?

A

Cocaine

44
Q

What is the most abused narcotic drug?

A

Heroin

45
Q

Also called hallucinogenic drugs, what type of drug produces dramatic alterations in perception, mood, and thought?

A

Psychedelics

46
Q

Name 3 well-known psychedelics.

A
  1. Marijuana (cannabis)
  2. LSD
  3. Ecstasy

PSYC 1001 (8 decks)

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