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PSYC 1001 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

Chapter 6 of the Pearson Textbook. Covers the definition of learning, the different types of learning/conditioning, including Classical and Operant Conditioning, Modeling/Observational Learning, the biological influences, and learning fads and myths.

1
Q

What is learning?

A

The change of behaviour or thought as a result of experience, an adaptive process

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2
Q

What are the 2 most basic types of learning?

A
  1. Habituation - responding to stimuli less over time
  2. Sensitization - responding to stimuli more over time
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3
Q

We can learn through 3 different types of conditioning/learning. What are they?

A
  1. Classical Conditioning - learning by association
  2. Operant Conditioning - learning with consequences
  3. Modeling/Observational Learning - learning by observation
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4
Q

What was Ivan Pavlov most famous for?

A

His work on the digestion of the dog, theory of classical conditioning

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5
Q

What are the 5 primary components of classical conditioning?

A
  1. Neutral stimulus - an object that triggers no particular reaction
  2. Unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that elicits a response without prior training
  3. Conditioned stimulus - a stimulus that elicits a response as a result of prior training
  4. Unconditioned response - a response that triggers naturally to the unconditioned stimulus
  5. Conditioned response - a response that triggers naturally to the conditioned stimulus
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6
Q

What are the 4 Classical Conditioning Principles?

A
  1. Acquisition - the phase where a conditioned response is established
  2. Extinction - the reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response
  3. Stimulus Generalization - when similar conditioned stimuli elicit a conditioned response
  4. Stimulus Discrimination - when a conditioned response is triggered by certain stimuli but not similar others
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7
Q

How can classical conditioning be applied to advertisements?

A

Advertisers repeatedly pair their products with stimuli that give positive emotions; e.g., attractive women in certain outfits will appeal to those attracted to them

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning determined by the consequences of behaviour

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9
Q

In classical and operant conditioning, how is target behaviour brought out?

A

Classical: Automatically
Operant: Voluntarily

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10
Q

In classical and operant conditioning, what is behaviour a function of?

A

Classical: Stimuli that precede the behaviour
Operant: Consequences that follow the behaviour

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11
Q

In classical and operant conditioning, what does behaviour primarily depend on?

A

Classical: Autonomic nervous system
Operant: Skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

A principle asserting that if we are rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we are more likely to repeat that stimulus in the future

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13
Q

How did E.L. Thorndike discover the principles of the Law of Effect?

A

He experimented with cats and put them in puzzle boxes to gain access to cat food

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14
Q

How was B.F. Skinner inspired by Watson and Thorndike’s work on behaviour?

A

He designed the Skinner box to more effectively record activity

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15
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

The usage of rewarding consequences that strengthen the probability of a behaviour, encouraging

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16
Q

What is punishment?

A

The usage of harming consequences that weaken the probability of a behaviour, discouraging

17
Q

When using reinforcement and punishment, what do positive and negative mean in this context?

A

Positive: application of stimuli
Negative: removal of stimuli

18
Q

Why is reinforcement more effective than punishment? List 4 disadvantages.

A
  1. Tells what NOT to do rather than what TO do
  2. Creates anxiety
  3. Encourages subversive and sneaky behaviour
  4. May provide a model for aggressive behaviour
19
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A stimulus in the presence of which a given response has a history of being reinforced

20
Q

True or False: The Classical Conditioning principles also apply to Operant Conditioning.

A

True

21
Q

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

A

The sudden re-emergence after an extinct conditioned response is displayed with a conditioned stimulus

22
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

The process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to previous neutral stimuli that later become associated with the original conditioned stimulus

23
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

Difficulty establishing classical conditioning when a conditioned stimulus is experienced alone many times to another stimulus

24
Q

What is fetishism?

A

Sexual attraction to non-living things, often due to classical conditioning

25
Q

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

A

A pattern of delivering reinforcement

26
Q

What are the 4 basic schedules of reinforcement?

A
  1. Fixed ratio (FR) schedule - reinforcement after a specific number of responses
  2. Variable ratio (VR) schedule - reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with a number varying randomly
  3. Fixed interval (FI) schedule - reinforcement for a response at least once in a specific amount of time
  4. Variable interval (VI) schedule - reinforcement for a response at least once after an average time interval, with that varying randomly
27
Q

What is shaping, in terms of operant conditioning?

A

Conditioning a certain behaviour by reinforcing behaviours that get closer to the target behaviour, even if not exactly

28
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Non-directly observable learning

29
Q

What is the difference between competence and performance?

A

Competence: what we know
Performance: showing what we know

30
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Mental representations of how physical space is organized

31
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by watching others, like models who are influential to us

32
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes a certain action

33
Q

What is insight?

A

Sudden understanding of the solution to a problem

34
Q

What is a conditioned taste aversion?

A

Refers to that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food

35
Q

What is preparedness?

A

An evolutionary predisposition to fear certain stimuli over others, owing to survival value; e.g., steep cliffs and poisonous animals were threats to our early ancestors

36
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours after repeated reinforcement

37
Q

What are learning styles?

A

Individuals’ preferred or optimal means of learning, but often people have mixtures of each type

PSYC 1001 (8 decks)

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