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MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three basic processes of memory?

A

Encoding - acquiring information & transferring to memory

Storage - retention of memory

Retrieval - recovery of stored information

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2
Q

What are the three types of memory storage?

A

Sensory memory
Short term/working memory
Long term memory

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3
Q

What is sensory memory? What is its capacity? Duration?

A

Visual, touch, & acoustic
Very large capacity
Duration is 1 sec or less

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4
Q

What is short-term memory? What is its capacity? Duration?

A

Capacity - 7 “bits” of info (+/-2)
Duration ~30 seconds

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5
Q

What is chunking, and how does it assist with short-term memory? What are some examples of chunking?

A

Group info into “chunks”
Each chunk is now 1 bit
Ex: phone numbers → 3 bits instead 10

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6
Q

How does the model of working memory differ from that for short-term memory?

A

More complex, more active process of storage

Central executive - brain organizing things into types

Visuospatial sketch pad - visually or spatially oriented; looking at a map, remembering a route

Episodic buffer - event space things; what happened this morning at breakfast

Phonological - hearing based things

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7
Q

What is long-term memory? What is its capacity? Duration?

A

Duration & capacity probably unlimited

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8
Q

What does HSAM refer to?

A

Highly superior autobiographical memory
Very rare → people who can remember everything

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9
Q

How does the model of spreading activation explain long-term memory? The model of
Schemas?

A

Spreading activation - words that are associated with each other activate their associated words in memory

Schemas - sets of expectations about objects & situations; when you go out to eat you know the routine

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10
Q

How is rehearsal important to moving information from short-term to long-term memory?

A

Maintenance rehearsal - simple repetition; rote rehearsal → repeating grocery list to yourself

Elaborative rehearsal - link new material to known material →active process

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11
Q

What is the levels of processing / depth of processing model of long-term memory?

A

Depth of processing affects strength of memory

Structural (looks like) - is the word printed in all caps?

Phonemic (sounds like) - does the word sound the same as [comparison word]?

Semantic (meaning) - does the word mean the same thing as [comparison word]?

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12
Q

What is the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memory?

A

Declarative memory - explicit, conscious → you are consciously aware that you know this stuff

Nondeclarative memory - implicit, unconscious

First learning a skill = declarative
When skill becomes automatic = nondeclarative (driving a car)

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13
Q

What are specific types of declarative memory?

A

Semantic - general world knowledge (facts, concepts, meanings)

Episodic - observational info attached to specific life events

Autobiographical - blend of semantic & episodic (specifically applies to your life)

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14
Q

What are specific types of nondeclarative memory?

A

Procedural - how to carry out skilled movement

Classical conditioning - stimulus-response associations

Priming - exposure to a stimulus changes response to subsequent stimulus

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15
Q

What are some examples of context cues for retrieval of information from long-term memory?

A

Hearing the music of song to remember the lyrics
Hearing your native language to remember a memory from your childhood

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16
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon? What does it tell us about the retrieval process?

A

When you can almost remember something but not quite

Hints at gradual retrieval process

17
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle

18
Q

How accurate is retrieval from long-term memory?

A

Reconstructive rather than literal

19
Q

What do studies on eyewitness testimony tell us about the accuracy of memory?

A

Susceptibility to memory distortion (stop sign experiment)

20
Q

How do memory processes interact with emotion? What are some examples of effects that illustrate this interaction?

A

Memory & emotion are strongly linked

Mood congruence effect - retrieve info more easily when same content as current emotional state

21
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Significant events strongly related to emotion, remember in detail

22
Q

How does emotion influence memory for persons with PTSD?

A

Triggers

23
Q

How do neurons respond to sensitization and habituation?

A

Sensitization - on repeated presentation of stimulus, you get more & more reactive to it → growing axon terminals

Habituation - on repeated presentation of stimulus, you start to ignore it → lose axon terminals

24
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

On repeated stimulation of neural signals, the connection becomes more efficient

25
Q

Which brain structures are involved with declarative memory? Nondeclarative? How do
studies of people with brain disease or damage help us determine this information?

A

Declarative - damage to hippocampus → anterograde amnesia
Nondeclarative - damage to basal ganglia → Parkinson’s & Huntington’s

26
Q

Which areas of the cortex activate when people are using semantic memory? How do these areas differ according to the type of task people are asked to do?

A

Declarative memory - activation of different lobes depending on type of memory or task

27
Q

What are some brain and memory changes that occur in people with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Low levels of acetylcholine
Changes in tau protein
Less affected: older episodic, semantic, nondeclarative-procedural
More affected: formation of new memories

28
Q

What are the processes involved in forgetting?

A

Decay - difficulty w/ retrieving info that has not been used in a long time

Interference: competition between older & newer info in memory

29
Q

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

A

Proactive interference - old info leads to problems remembering new info

Retroactive interference - new info leads to problems remembering old info

30
Q

What are some techniques that can be used to improve memory?

A

Distributed practice
Exercise - increases neurogenesis
Sleep - memory consolidation
Elaborative rehearsal - self quizzing, verbalize material, link info to self, mnemonic devices

PSYCH (13 decks)

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