Memory :) Flashcards
Multi store model of memory
2 advantages
(+) R.S Glanzer + Cunitz
(+) P. A revision
Multi store model of memory
Three disadvantages
(-) Research against- Shallice and Warrington KF suggests there is more than one type of STM or it is processed in more than one way
(-) research suggests 4 types of LTM
(-) the model is oversimplified. e.g: multiple types of rehearsal = maintenance, keep in STM and Elaborative rehearsal = move into LTM by linking to existing knowledge or thinking about its meaning
Working memory model 2(+)
expl
(+)R.S Shallice + Warrington KF- Patient with amnesia. found KFs STM for digits was poor when red aloud to him. recall much better when able to read digits.
(+)R.S Baddely visual tracking task. Founds participants had more trouble performing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time. explained using slave systems
Working memory model 3 (-)
(-)Problem with R.S Shallice + warrington, bias sample
(-)Problems with R.S from Baddely, artificial task
(-)Too vague, e. G centeral executive
Types of LTM A03
(+) Clive Wearing- Amnesia , poor episodic memory. Could still play piano and understand dog., so semantic and procedural memory fine
(-) Case study
(-) lack control variable - unable to measure capacity of memory before injury
(+) Further R.s- Tulving used Brain scans to identify different types of LTM on different sides of frontal cortex. Episodic on right. Semantic on left prefrontal cortex
(+)P.A - devised an intervention to help old people with episodic memory
Extra - Cohen + squire - > declarative + non declarative
Interference theory 2 (+)
(+)R.S mcGeoch + McDonald, word lists. retroactive interference stronger when words are similar . worse recall.
(+)R.S Baddely + Hitch - Rugby. found that recall didn’t worsen due to length of time since game played but how many matches they played in-between
interference theory 3 (-)
(-)Problem R.S, McGeoch and McDonald artificial task
(-)Problem with R.S, Baddely and Hitch, Bias sample, extraneous variables
(-)Alternative explanation, retrieval failure
Retrieval failure theory 3 (+)
findings
%
(+)R.S Godden and Baddely, divers accuracy of recall 40% lower in non matched groups
(+)R.S Carter + Cassady, anti-histamine study. Recall significantly worse in non matched groups
(+)P.A revision aids
Retrieval failure theory 2 (-)
(-)Problems with R.S, Lacks Ecological Validity .conditions doesn’t reflect everyday life
(-)importance of contextual cues questioned.. Baddely argues that the contexts have to be extremely different for it to effect recall. different rooms probably won’t effect recall.
Misleading Information 2 (+)
(+)P.A, police interviewers more mindful in using leading qs
(+)Controlled studies, Gabbert, Loftus
Misleading Information 3 (-)
(-)Lack ecological validity, Loftus, Gabbert . video
(-)Individual differences not explained in Gabbert 29%? conformity? (own age bias) older people tend to be worse at recall in EWT.
(-)Demand characteristics - Especially in lab studies. p.p may guess answers. especially if yes/no in order to be attentive and helpful
Anxiety 2 (+) with studies
(+)Controlled studies, Deffenbacher - ^Anxt = inaccurate EWT. Meta analysis . applied Yrks Ddsn law to EWT e.g is an optimum
(+)Ecological validity, Yuille + Cutshall, real gun shop robbery, increased anxiety to accurate EWT (weapon focus effect)
Anxiety 3 (-) with studies
(-) Extraneous variables Yuille + Cutshall. Natural experiment
(-) Ethics, Johnson + Scott
(-) Bias sample - yuille + cutshall = 13 participants that witnessed one event
3 (+) with cognitive interview
(+) r.s Kohnken. Found 81% increase in correct info using CI compared to standard interview
(+) Brazil! R.s Stein + Memon. found CI was more effective than normal interrogative torturous police questioning in Brazil
(+) Milne + Bull. Report everything + reinstate context work best as a pair than any other component. More useful and easier for police force
2 (-) Cognitive interview
(-)Takes time that police don’t have
(-)not all police forces will use it in a standardised manner (Kebbel + Wagstaff) requires special training. force not able to provide this so police aren’t impressed
Shallice + Warrington Research
patient with Amnesia = KF
STM for digits was poor when read aloud to him.
Improved when he read himself.
Suggests there’s at least one STM store for visual and one for verbal. Which WMM includes
Cohen + squire R. S LTM
Procedural = non declarative
Semantic + episodic = declarative memory, so are in one store
