Biopsych A03 :) Flashcards
All A03
Localisation of Function
(+)R.s - Peterson used Brain scans on Brocas area
(+)R.S - Tulving, Different LTM stored on either side of pre frontal cortex
(-) Alternative Theories- Plascticity, with research
(+)P.A - OCD surgery - useful
(-) Research refuting - Lashleys Rats
(-) Evidence against - Lashleys Rats
localisation of function
lasheley Removed areas of the Cortex in Rats that were learning a maze.
Found that No area was more important than the other in terms of the Rats ability to learn the Maze
Lateralisation of Function all A03
(+) R.s - Sperry
(-) Bias sample - 11 participants, all epileptic
(+) Procedure standardised - scientific
(-) Alt. Expl. Critics argue the two sides of the brain are in constant communication. And behavours performed by one hemisphere can be performed by the other
(-)Differences in function depend on age
(-)Differences in function depend on age
Lateralisation
Szaflarski. Lateralised functions found in younger indivs rend to switch to bilateral functions (functions dealt with by both hemispheres) in healthy older adults
(+) sperrys research support
conclusion
Language is separate from Right Hemisphere
(+) Procedure standardised
lateralisation of function
Eg: each image/word is displayed for 0.1 seconds
Can be repeated
Scientific
Plasticity all A03
(+)R.S - Draganski- medical students
(-)Bias sample, all medical students
(+)R.s - Maguire - Found london Taxi drivers had larger grey matter in Hippocampus
(-)Bias sample, All Male taxi drivers
(-) individual differences - age
(+)R.S - Draganski
- found learning induced changes occurred to the posterior hippocampus from 3 months before to 3 months after a medical exam to medical students
(-) biased sample
meguire et Al) (neuroplasticity
All of sample were male
Functional recovery after Brain injury all A03
(+)R.s - Real .life evidence (not a study) Gabby Giffords. shot thru one hemisphere, recovered
(-)Bias sample, case study
(+)R.S - Hubbel + Weisel - Kittens
(-)Cross species validity
(+) P.A - Neurorehabilitation e.g: movement therapy and electrical stimulation to counter deficits in motor and or cognitive functioning
(+) P.A - Neurorehabilitation e.g:
movement therapy and electrical stimulation to counter deficits in motor and or cognitive functioning
What did Hubbel and Weisel do to kittens?
What did it show?
Sewed one of their eyes shut. Analysed certain responses.
Found that area of visual cortex associated with shut eye continued to process info from open eye instead
Problem with Hubbel and Weisel kitten study
Cross species validity- kittens
advantage of Neuroplasticity other than research support
Practical application- neurorehabilitation
(-) individual differences
neuroplasticity
Depends on
.age. e.g: Children are constantly learning and recieving new informatuon, so the brain has a greater propensity for reorganisisation
ALL A03 for circadian rhythms
(+)Reliability of research. All suggest a sleep/wake cycle that lasts around 24 hrs
(-)Case studies e.g: Siffre, small sample = Aschoff and Wever
(-) Lack of control in studdies e.g: Siffre turned on a lamp
(+)P.A - knowing work productivity dips in mornings = useful
(-) Indiv. Diff e.g: Teens wake up 2hrs later than adults
All A03 for Infradian Rhythms
(+)R.S - Stern + McClintock. menstrual cycle
(-)R.s is Criticized. e.g: May have been extreneous variables such a stress and diet
(+)Research supporting Stern + McClintock - Sync of Cycles is evolutionary- advantage bearing children at same time
(-) R.Refuting - Shank - Not an evolutionary advantage as this would produce competition
(+) P.A for SAD - photherapy
R. S for Infradian rhythms
Stern + McClintock
Found rubbing phermones from each day of another Woman’s menstrual cycle altered 68% of the participants cycles to become closer to the cycle of the ‘odour donor’
suggests exo ziet do effect on Infradian rhythms
(+) R. S Ultradian rhythm
Sleep cycle
E.g:
(-) very small sample size
Demant + Klietman
REM exists
-
9 adult participants
(+) Practical application
Sleep cycle / ultradian rhythms
Used for treatments for sleep disorders.
If we know the stages of the sleep cycle, we can know which stage of the cycle people have problems with and can act accordingly
All A03 for Ultradian rhythms
(+) R.S Dement + Klietmen - compared REM brainwaves to activity expected in the Dream reports given. Found were similar suggesting we do Dream during REM
(-) Bias sample - 9 adult participants
(+) P.A - sleep disorders.
Who re-surfaced from a cave in mid-September 1962 believing it to be mid-August?
Michael Siffre
Aschoff and Wever
found that participants living in a WW2 bunker for 4 weeks had a circadian rhythm between 24-25 hours?
Who sped up a clock for a 22 hour day and found participants could not cope with the change?
Folkard et al
Who found that they could alter women’s menstrual cycles by rubbing the pheromones of another woman onto their top lip?
Stern + McClintock
Who found that they could alter sleep patterns of participants by shining lights on the backs of their knees?
Campbell + Murphy
A03 for Effect of Exo ziet + Endo. pacemakers on Sleep/wake cycle
(+)R.S DeCoursey . Endogenous pacemakers Do influence sleep cycle
(-)Problems with Decoursey- Cross species validity
(-)Problems with Decoursey- Unethical
(+)R.s for exogenous zietgebers. Campbell + Murphy. Light on knees
(-) Bias sample - Too small. 15 participants
R.s Campbell + Murphy
Exogenous zietgeber
shone light on back of knees.
Found p.p sleep cycles deviated, even up to 3 hrs in some cases
R.S - DeCoursey
Endogenous pacemakers on the sleep/wake cycle
- destroy SCN connections of Chipmunks who were then returned to their natural habitat and observed for 80 days
- Found Sleep wake cycle had dissapeared and significant proportion of them had died
DeCoursey = Unethical ..
Chipmunks dealt considerable harm and then left at increased risk to predators.
Did what we learn justify the harm caused
Who researched ‘mutant hamsters’
what did they find
Ralph et al
Found whrn impalnted feotal tissue of Brains of ‘mutant hamsters’ (who had a 20hr sleep/wake cycle) into brains of normal hamsters,
The normal hamsters developed cycle of 20 hours
