Memory Flashcards
Who created the multi-store model
Atkinson and shiffrin
What are the 3 memory stores
Sensory register/memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
What are the five things that occur in between the memory stores
And what are they in between
- INPUT(5 senses)= Into the sensory register/memory
- ATTENTION= Sensory register/memory to the Short-term memory
- REHEARSAL LOOP= Above the Short-term memory
- REHEARSAL= Short-term memory to the Long-term memory
- RETRIEVAL= Long-term memory back to the Short-term memory
What occurs at every memory store
Information is lost
3 stages involved in memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What’s encoding
Information registered into your memory system
What’s storage
Information is held in the memory system
What’s retrieval
Recall or remembering
What’s the encoding of the Sensory Register
There are separate sensory stores
Crowder (1993) study on encoding of the sensory register/memory
Results and conclusion
Visual information lasts for a few milliseconds. But 2 or 3 seconds for acoustic
- This supports the idea that sensory information is coded into different sensory stores
Sperling’s study to support the sensory register. (Study on capacity and duration of the SR)
Method, results, conclusion
Method= Flashed 3x4 Grid of letters on to a screen. A tone was played just after display, high-pitched for top row, medium-tone for middle row and low-tone for low
Results= Recall of letters in the indicated row was high
Conclusion= Participants been reading letters from an after image(visual stores), capacity is large, Duration is short (half a second)
What occurs to sensory register with age
Sensory register decreases with age
Evaluation of sensory register
- Brief duration of SR has evolutionary value in that it retains information that increases chance of survival, whilst filtering out unimportant information
What’s the capacity, duration and coding of the Sensory register/memory
- Capacity= Large
- Duration= Visual= few milliseconds
Acoustic= 2-3 seconds - Coding= Seperate senses store
Baddeley study for encoding of short-term memory (and LTM)
Results found
- If participants were asked to immediately recall from STM they didn’t confuse words with same meaning (big and large) but confused words sounding similar (cat and cap).
- Works the opposite with LTM
- This suggests STM uses acoustic encoding, and LTM uses semantic (meaning) encoding, storing words according to their meaning
Peterson and peterson study on the duration of Short-term memory (effects of rehearsal)
Method, results
Method= Participants shown a trigram of consonants
- Asked to recall after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds (following an interference task so trigram can’t be rehearsed)
- Procedure repeated using different trigrams
Results= Participants able to recall 80% of trigrams after 3 seconds
- Fewer trigrams recalled as delay lengthened
- 10% of trigrams recalled after 18 seconds
Conclusion= Rehearsal is prevented, info vanishes from STM in a few seconds
Evaluation of Peterson and Peterson study for short term memory
- Trigrams are an artificial thing to remember, can’t really be applied to real life (ecological validity is low)
- Experimental method used, can see (causal) effect of time passing (IV) on recall (DV)
- Demand Characteristics as they know they’re being studied, cause non-accurate results. Low in validity and reliability
AO3 point for STM, Reitman’s study (conclusion)
- Suggested the brief duration of STM is due to displacement
What’s displacement (occurs in the STM)
Due to STM having a limited capacity, words are pushed out of memory to enable space
- New information pushes out existing information due to limited capacity
What’s the capacity, duration and coding for LTM
Capacity= potentially infinite
Duration= potential infinite
Coding= semantic (Baddeleys study for STM)
‘Frost’(1972) and ‘Nelson and Rothbart’(1972) studies on LTM.
Describe what they found
Conclude what they suggest
Frost= When encoding visual material, participants will use visual as well as semantic coding
Nelson and Rothbart= Recall errors involving homophones (pronounced the same but different meaning), shows acoustic coding is used in LTM
Evaluation= Different types of LTM involve different brain areas, suggesting these are encoded in different ways
Bahrick et al study on duration of LTM
method, results, conclusion
Method= 392 ex-High school students were asked to recall names of classmates
Results= After 34 years, still named 90% of students
Conclusion= LTM is long lasting
Evaluation= Info appears to be lost in LTM(multi store model), when there’s just a problem accessing it
Explain process of chunking
Chunking is where individual pieces of an information set are broken down and then grouped together in a meaningful whole
What memory store does chunking occur at
Short term memory