Gender Flashcards

Question

Describe oestrogen

Answer 1

Female hormone responsible for controlling the onset of puberty (along with progesterone, where secondary sexual characteristics like breasts are formed), menstruation and foetal development when pregnant

Answer 2

Because it’s influence on the menstruated cycle

Answer 3

- Pre-menstrual tension (PMT) or pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) - Psychological effect - Increased emotionality, irritability and aggression and even criminal behaviour which has been used in court as defence and been accepted (Easteal 1991)

Answer 4

Where a genetic female is exposed to too much testosterone. Genitalia can appear swollen, and may act more masculine (tomboys)

Answer 5

A hormone that acts also as a neurotransmitter and is produced both inside and outside the brain by both males and females and controls key aspects of the reproductive system

Answer 6

Females as it combines with oestrogen to enhance each other’s effect. Facilitates childbirth by stimulating contractions

Answer 7

Drops immediately, explaining their sudden loss of intimacy

Answer 8

Nurturing, acceptance and protection of offspring

Answer 9

- David born as Bruce, taken to be circumcised as an infant got his penis burnt off due to electrical malfunction. - Psychologist suggested ‘gender’ is created by upbringing and environment, therefore raised as a girl for first years of life - However, Not successful and was told truth when a teenager. - Immediately changed back to living as a man called David - Case shows nature overrides influence of nurture

Answer 10

- Van Goozen et al, when injected with Male or female hormones, transgender individuals demonstrated more typical Male or female behaviours (in line with the hormones they’re receiving). Supports link between hormones and gender behaviour - Tricker et al found no differences in behaviours amongst participants injected with testosterone or a placebo, weakening the link between hormones and gender behaviour

Answer 11

Examples of typical sex chromosome patterns / typical behaviour

Answer 12

Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome

Answer 13

When women only have one chromosome (xo) - Causes women to have no menstrual cycle - Broad chest - Better at school, work higher than average at reading, memory and maths tasks - Socially immature

Answer 14

Affects males who have XXY chromosomes, am extra X chromosome - Worse at school, poor language and reading skills, issues with executive functioning - Decrease body hair - Breast development and co-ordination - Infertility

Answer 15

That a child‘s mental concept of gender becomes more sophisticated with age

Answer 16

Suggested that a child’s understanding of gender develops in 3 stages

Answer 17

It doesn’t matter where in the world you are, children still go through the same cognitive development

Answer 18

Cultural differences

Answer 19

1) Gender identity 2) Gender stability 3) Gender constancy

Answer 20

- 2-3 years - Correctly identify themselves as a boy or girl - Believe sex can change - a girl may want to be a daddy when she’s older - Believe changing clothes can change a persons sex. E.g. boy in a dress becomes a girl - May show a preference for playing with children of their own sex

Answer 21

- 3-4 years - Begin to realise sex will not change over time - Due to being egocentric they don’t realise it also applies to other people - See certain characteristics as being masculine or feminine, e.g. assume heavy labour job is for a man

Answer 22

- 6-7 years - Realise other people have different point of view from their own- they’re less egocentric (they de-Centre) - Realise everyone’s gender is constant and changes in appearance doesn’t influence if they’re Male or female - Still regard a man in a dress is unusual - Seek role models to imitate to help them develop their sense of gender

Answer 23

- M= Using a flip book, children showed muddled pictures where hairstyles and clothes of Male and female characters could be changed. Children asked what sex the characters are - R= Younger children believed changing clothes can change a persons sex. E.g. boy in a dress becomes a girl - C= Older children understood gender is constant, and changes in appearance doesn’t influence whether they’re Male or female. Supporting Kohlbergs theory

Answer 24

- M= 1 Male and 1 female adult model carry out stereotyped gender role activities. Screen was split - R= Found child who’s reached high levels of gender constancy spent more time watching same sex models than this with low levels of gender constancy - C= Supports Kohlbergs theory that children pay attention to same sex models after gender constancy stage has been reached

Answer 25

- Constancy isn’t supported. Evidence to suggest many children begin to demonstrate gender appropriate behaviour before gender constancy stage - Bussey and Bandura, found 4 year old children reported ‘feeling good’ about playing with gender-appropriate toys and ‘feeling bad’ doing the opposite. Contradicts Kohlbergs theory, but supports scheme theory, which suggests children begin to absorb gender-appropriate information as soon as they identify as Male or female’s

Answer 26

- Theory developed using interviews with children who were as young as 2. Age group lack vocabulary required to express understanding. Might have complex ideas but can’t express them. Therefore, what they express might not truly reflect their understanding

Answer 27

- Universality of theory suggests idea the sequence of gender stages have a biological basis. This is because, all males and females progress in the same way. May be driven by nature as otherwise we would expect differences between different cultures

Answer 28

Martin Halverson agreed with Kohlberg that a child’s thinking is the basis of gender behaviour, but believed this thinking starts earlier and is more active The process of acquiring gender relevant information before gender constancy is achieved (aged 6) - A mental representation that guides processing of information and experiences

Answer 29

Stage 1= Children have a basic understanding of what it is to be a boy or girl (3 years) Stage 2= They have a more developed schema for their sex (4-6) Stage 3= Their schemas for both sexes are developed (>6)

Answer 30

- A study of 106 primary school children shows supporting evidence for the active process of schema development, whereby children recalled more pictures of men performing masculine behaviours than of men performing feminine behaviours

Answer 31

- Schema theory has greater explanatory power than Kohlbergs theory. Explains why children’s attitudes and behaviour concerning gender are rigid and long lasting - Explains why children model gender appropriate behaviour than imitate a same sex role model carrying out gender inappropriate behaviour. Better explanation than SLT which states children imitate same sex models -

Answer 32

- Evidence shows children act in gender-typical way before they develop gender schemas. Scaffer argues children’s monitoring of their own and others behaviour lead to development of gender schemas - Gender schema is reductionist. Neglects biological factors, assuming gender behaviour is through cognitive means