Attachment Flashcards
State the animal studies for attachment
Lorenz’s goslings
Harlow monkeys
Method for Lorenz’s goslings
- Split a group of 12 goslings into 2 groups of 6
- 6 were born naturally with their mother, other group of 6 were born in an incubator with Lorenz, making sure he was the first large moving object the goslings saw therefore Lorenz would be their imprint and the mother would be the other 6’s imprint
- Lorenz marked them so he knew who were born naturally and who were born in incubator
- He then put all 12 goslings in incubator, the mother outside on one side and Lorenz on the other
Results for Lorenz’s goslings
- Immediately after birth, the naturally born followed the mother, and the incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz
- When all 12 goslings were put together, the 6 went to the mother and other 6 went to Lorenz
- Lorenz notes, imprinting would only occur within a period of few hours (Critical period)
Conclusion for Lorenz goslings
Shows attachment is formed through security through imprinting, for goslings
Evaluation for Lorenz goslings
- The fact imprinting is irreversible suggests it’s biological
- Attachment behaviour of geese is not necessarily the same as humans
- The fact imprinting has a set time period, influenced Bowlby’s idea of a critical period in human babies
- Ethical issues, as they’re animals therefore can’t give informed consent
Method for Harlows monkeys
- 16 monkeys split into 2 groups of 8
- Both groups had a surrogate mother, one wired other group had a cloth mother to feed off of
- Amount of time spent with each mother recorded
- Monkeys frightened with a loud noise to test for mother preference when stressed
- Larger cage to test monkeys exploration
Results for Harlows monkeys
- ALL Monkeys preferred contact with cloth mother, monkeys with the wired mother only went to it for food
- When frightened, all monkeys clung to cloth mother for safety
- In larger cage, monkeys with cloth mother explored more
Conclusion for Harlows monkeys
Monkeys form an attachment through contact-comfort, not from food
Evaluation of Harlows monkeys
- Study involves animals, therefore cannot generalise
- Involving animals, therefore cannot ask for informed consent, therefore ethical issues are present
- More ethical issues, as baby monkeys are separated causing stress to them
2 explanations of attachment
1) The learning theory
2) Bowlbys monotropic theory
What is the learning theory
The belief that attachments develop though conditioning processes
What are the two types of learning theory that apply to development of attachments
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
What is the learning theory also known as
Cupboard love theory
- as cupboard contains food
What is classical conditioning
Occurs when a response produced naturally by a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus
Explain how classical conditioning is used to form attachments
- Attachments are learned by the stimulus of food(UCS), producing pleasure(UCR), being paired with a caregiver(NS).
- After lots of presentations of caregiver and food being paired, infant learns to associate pleasure(CR) solely with caregiver(CS) without any need for food
Explain how classical conditioning is used to form attachments
Simple version
Before learning= food(UCS) > pleasure(UCR)
During learning= food(UCS) + caregiver(NS)—> pleasure(UCR)
After learning= caregiver(CS) > pleasure(CR)
What’s operant conditioning based on in forming an attachment
Based on Thorndikes ‘Law of effect’, where any action that has a pleasurable action will be repeated
What are pleasurable outcomes known as
Reinforcements
What are reinforcements
They strengthen the behaviour, making it more likely to occur again
What positive reinforcement
Involves receiving something pleasurable for performing a desired behaviour
E.g pocket money for doing chores
What’s negative reinforcement
Involves not receiving something non-pleasurable for performing a desired behaviour
E.g. Not being grounded for tidying room
What happens when behaviour is positively reinforced
It’s repeated
What happens when behaviour results in punishment
It’s unlikely to be repeated
Explain how operant conditioning is used to form an attachment
- Hungry infant feels uncomfortable and is driven to reduce discomfort.
- When fed it feels pleasure(reward)
- Food is a primary reinforcer as it directly satisfies hunger
- Caregiver is a secondary reinforcer as he/she is associated with primary reinforcer (food)
- So attachment occurs because the child seeks the person who can supply the reward (food)