Memory Flashcards
Define coding
The format information is stored in
define capacity
The amount of information a story can hold
define duration
The length of time information is held in a store for
What are the 3 types of memory stores
Sensory register
Short term
Long term
how is short term memory coded
Acoustically
how is long term memory coded
Semantically
how is long term memory coded
Semantically
How is sensory register coded
It is Modality specific (depends on senses)
what is the duration for sensory register
0.5 seconds (hangs on to what we pay attention to)
sensory register has a _____ capacity as it stores ____ sensory information
Large , all
what is the duration of short term memory
18-30 seconds
what is the duration of long term memory
Potentially unlimited
what is the capacity for short term memory
7+ / - 2 (5-9)
what is the capacity of long term memory
Potentially unlimited
who developed the multi store model
Atkinson and shiffrin (pioneers)
recreate the multi store model (draw it)
Must include all arrows
retrieval , maintenance loop , prolonged rehearsal , attention, stimuli from the environment, forgetting x 2 , response+ remembering
STM & LTM & SENSORY REGISTER
what year was the multi store model developed
1968
the two main stores in the sensory register are called….
The iconic memory (visual info)
The echoic memory (auditory info)
Information is transferred from there sensory register to the ?
STM
To prevent information fading in the STM what must take place
Maintenance rehearsal
Information in the STM is coded semantically meaning it turns…
Images or written words in to a verbal code
Give an example of a study that researches coding in both LTM & STM
Baddeleys word lists
describe Baddeleys word list study
4 groups with 4 word lists - acoustically similar & acoustically dissimilar , semantically similar (synonyms) & semantically dissimilar
Independent groups design
what were the results of Baddeleys word list study
Recall immediately- worst performance = acoustically similar
Recall again after 30mins - worst performance = semantically similar (LTM muddled up cannot process info all at once)
what study researches duration in LTM
Bahricks yearbooks
Bahricks yearbooks was a ______ experiment
Natural
describe Bahricks yearbook study
392 ppts
Used peoples yearbooks (17-70 yr olds)
Two conditions
C1 - free recall (name as many classmates without prompts
C2 - Photo recognition (pick out classmates from them photo section)
what were the results of Bahricks yearbook study
Stronger results for condition 2 LTM is semantic , and for younger people BUT both conditions had strong results and all ages had strong results
name a study that researched duration in the STM
Peterson and Peterson’s trigram’s
describe Peterson and Peterson’s trigram’s
24 students given trigram (3 random consonants put together e.g. YCK)
Then a number to count out loud backwards from in 3’s
Six conditions overall (each time new trigram + number)
Time spent counting range from 3-18 seconds
Time spent counting increased with each condition (counting prevents rehearsal)
what did Peterson and Peterson’s trigrams find
Most remembered trigram after 3 seconds , most did not remember the trigram after 18 seconds
name a study that researches capacity in the STM
Jacob’s digit span study
when was Jacob’s digit span study
1800’s
Describe Jacobs digit span study
Gave ppts 4 digits to remember and recall - if correct , asked to recall 5 digits one added each time they did it correctly
But with new digits to prevent mental rehearsal
Done until failure
what did Jacob’s digit span study find
Average was 7 digits
Give a strength of Baddeleys word lists study
Identified a clear difference between 2 stores which led to creation of models of memory e.g. multi store model
give a limitation of Baddeleys word lists study
Used artificial and meaningless material and so lacks internal validity
give a limitation of Peterson and Peterson’s trigrams study
Used artificial & meaningless material so lacks external validity (useless as LTM is coded based on semantics)
give a strength of Bahricks yearbook study
Used meaningful material and so has high external validity
give a limitation of Bahricks yearbook study
Natural experiment and so lacks control and thereby lacks internal validity
give a limitation of Jacob’s digit span study
Very old may have lacked controls and therefore low internal validity
give a strength of Jacob’s digit span study
Has been replicated with better controls and results were confirmed which increases reliability and validity
Cognitive psychologists have used ________ models to propose how memory operates
Theoretical
The multi store model is associated with the _______ approach as memory is a _____ , ______ ,_____ process
Cognitive
Hidden , internal, mental
_________ _________ is the means by which info is transferred from STM to LTM
Prolonged rehearsal
prolonged rehearsal means …….
Means information has been verbally rehearsed and remembered in a meaningful way
(Done over time)
give two strengths of the multi store model
The case of HM - removed hippocampus (apart of the lambic system) so HM was unable to form long term memories
Research support - Baddeley , Peterson + Peterson , Jacobs , Bahrick
Give two limitations of the multi store model
Elaborative rehearsal - different to prolonged rehearsal as it is connecting new information to old information ( your schema ) to move information to the LTM faster/quicker
There are different types of STM - KF motorcycle accident - brain damage - if read to couldn’t remember - if he read it could remember - couldn’t remember acoustic information but could visual info
Who developed the working memory model and why
Baddeley and Hitch - developed because problems with the MSM
Draw the WMM
Must include
Arrows
Central exec
Episodic buffer
Long term memory
Visuo spatial sketch pad - visual cache - inner scribe -
Phonological loop - phonological store - articulatory store -
In which part of the WMM is the inner scribe found
Visuo - spatial sketchpad