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psychology yr12 > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

1
Q

behaviourists are only concerned with what type of behaviour

A

objective and measurable

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2
Q

who founded behaviourism

A

John b Watson

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3
Q

behaviourists believe we are born as what

A

tabula rasa (blank slates)

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4
Q

why did behaviourism emerge

A

behaviourists criticised Wundt and introspection as unscientific as we cannot observe/ measure internal mental processes

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5
Q

behaviourists distinguish between two types of conditioning

A

classical conditioning and operant

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6
Q

inspired by Darwin and evolution, behaviourists believe ? can replace ? in studies of learning

A

animals, humans

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7
Q

what is classical conditioning known as

A

learning by association

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8
Q

who studied classical conditioning and name the study

A

pavlov, pavlovs dogs

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9
Q

describe the study of pavlovs dogs

A

before conditioning food is an unconditioned stimulus producing an unconditioned response which is salivation
when presented with a bell dogs do not salivate - the bell is a neutral stimulus
after conditioning the dog has learned to associate the sound of the bell with food + salivates meaning the bell has become a CS and salivation a CR

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning also known as

A

learning through reinforcement

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11
Q

who studied operant conditioning and what is the name of the study

A

skinner, skinners rats

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12
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

being rewarded for a behaviour

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13
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

avoiding an unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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14
Q

what is the purpose of positive + negative reinforcement

A

to encourage behaviours to be repeated

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15
Q

what is punishment

A

the unpleasant consequence of a behaviour

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16
Q

what was the positive reinforcement in skinners study

A

pushing the lever released a food pellet which was the reward

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17
Q

what was the negative reinforcement in skinners study

A

pushing the lever stopped electric shocks (unpleasant consequence)

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18
Q

give examples of positive + negative reinforcement and a punishment

A

PR - completing your hw on time and gaining an achievement point
NR - keeping your coat off in the building to avoid detention
P - receiving a detention for having your phone out in class

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19
Q

name a strength of behaviourism

A

practical application, can be seen and used in real life e.g CBT used for treating depression, systematic densensitisation used for treating phobias

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20
Q

name three limitations of behaviourism

A

ignores cognition - cognitive psychologists believe the BA is too simplistic + dismisses complex internal processes such as the 4 meditational processes so incomplete explanation

token economics simplifies human behaviour too much

supports nurture not nature - underestimates biological influences such as hormones or genetics and the effects they have on our behaviour e.g testosterone linked to aggression both prevalent in men

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21
Q

who pioneered SLT

A

Bandura

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22
Q

what approach does SLT agree with

A

the behaviourist approach we learn directly through experience

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23
Q

what did Bandura suggest

A

that we learn INDIRECTLY by observing and copying others behaviours

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24
Q

when was banduras first bobo doll study and what did it investigate

A

1961, the effect of modelling

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25
Q

which group of children behaved the most aggressively towards the model and why (modelling)

A

group one as they had the aggressive role model and that impacted their behaviour

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26
Q

when was banduras second bobo doll study and what did it investigate

A

1963, the effect of vicarious reinforcement

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27
Q

which group of children behaved the most aggressively towards the doll and why

A

group two as they saw the model praised for their aggressive behaviour and thus encouraging them to act the same way

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28
Q

which group of children behaved the least aggressively towards the bobo doll and why
(vicarious reinforcement)

A

group one, as the model was punished for its aggressive behaviour deterring the children from acting the same way

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29
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

seeing others reinforced for their behaviour

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30
Q

what are the four meditational processes and name them

A

attention - must pay attention to a behaviour in order to reproduce it
retention - we must remember the behaviour in order to reproduce it
motor reproduction - we must be capable of reproducing the behaviour to reproduce it
motivation - must want to reproduce the behaviour to reproduce it

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31
Q

what is identification

A

the process of picking a suitable role model

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32
Q

role models are likely to be ?

A

gender specific

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33
Q

modelling is ?

A

the physical re-enactment of behaviour

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34
Q

modelling is also ?

A

indirectly copying behaviour

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35
Q

name one factor making us more likely to identify with someone

A

gender, higher status, similarities

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36
Q

give two strengths of SLT

A

practical application - helps to explain criminal behaviour e.g if they had been exposed to a model who commits crimes

considers behavioural + cognitive factors - bandura considers the cognitive mediational factors that must happen for learning to take place and so more comprehensive explanation of human learning

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37
Q

give one limitation of SLT

A

supports nurture but underestimates nature - underestimates the influence of biological factors and therefore offers an incomplete explanation

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38
Q

the cognitive approach emerged as a contrast to what and believes what

A

a contrast to behaviourism and believes we can and should study internal private processes that we can’t see

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39
Q

cognitive psychologists study internal mental processes ? by making ? based on observable behaviours

A

indirectly, inferences

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40
Q

name two applications of cognitive neuroscience

A

MRI’S , AI’S

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41
Q

what is an inference

A

an educated guess

42
Q

what is schema

A

packages of information built by experience and learning that influence cognitive processing

43
Q

what is the benefit of schema

A

schema helps us to learn and interpret new information quickly

44
Q

true or false - babies are born with very basic schema

A

TRUE

45
Q

what is the drawback of schema

A

it can lead to perception errors as information is learned quickly

46
Q

what two types of models do cognitive psychologists rely on

A

theoretical and computer models

47
Q

theoretical models are ? an example is ?

A

abstract (based on ideas), e.g. the processing model for memory

48
Q

computer models are based on ? and have given us technology such as ?

A

concrete examples , siri & alexa

49
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on cognitive functions

50
Q

cognitive neuroscience is possible with the use of ? and helps us learn the functions of different brain areas such as ? & ? which are associated with ?

A

brain scanning technology, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, speech

51
Q

what is a more recent development of cognitive neuroscience and what is it used for

A

brain fingerprinting and can be used to determine whether eyewitnesses/suspects are lying or innocent

52
Q

name two strengths of the CA

A

practical application - has been applied to other areas of psychology such as psychopathology used to help treat depression through ellis’ ABC model

scientific + objective - uses controlled settings to give reliable and unbiased data

53
Q

name two limitations of the CA

A

machine reductionism - there are differences between a computer and a human e.g humans experience emotions computers do not and this affects processing

underestimates biology - the original approach does not account for many behaviours that are influenced by biology e.g. hormones + genes

54
Q

internal mental processes are studied using ?

A

direct observation

55
Q

the biological approach views everything psychological as having a ?, they see the mind and the brain as ?

A

biological basis, inseparable

56
Q

how can we study whether behavioural characteristics are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics?

A

by using twin and kin studies

57
Q

? twins share 100% of their DNA ? twins share 50% of their DNA

A

monozygotic, dizygotic

58
Q

how can we determine the likelihood that behavioural characteristics are inherited

A

through concordance rates which measure the extent to which both twins share a characteristic

59
Q

if mz twins have ? concordance rates for a characteristic than dz twins we can conclude this characteristic has a ?

A

higher, genetic basis

60
Q

what is genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

61
Q

what is phenotype

A

how genetic material is expressed determined by the environment

62
Q

what did Darwin propose

A

evolution and natural selection

63
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process whereby those with characteristics that aid survival live longer and are more likely to reproduce passing on this favourable characteristic

64
Q

name two strengths of the Biological approach

A

very scientific - highly controlled experiments helps researchers replicate the experiment under the same conditions meaning findings are reliable

practical application - led to effective treatments of mental illnesses / disorders by developing drugs for illnesses such as depression and OCD e.g. CBT

65
Q

give one limitation of the biological approach

A

supports nature underestimates nurture - only focuses on biology as an explanation of human behaviour, doesn’t take into account behavioural + cognitive approaches which says that our behaviour can be shaped with our enivornment

66
Q

who founded the psychodynamic approach

A

sigmund freud

67
Q

how does the psychodynamic approach differ to others

A

focuses on the unconscious mind

68
Q

what is the conscious

A

what we are currently aware of right now

69
Q

what is our preconscious

A

what we are not currently aware of right now but easily recalled

70
Q

what is our unconscious

A

everything we have learned/ experienced that we do not have conscious access to

71
Q

freud said our personalities are ? what are these three parts

A

tripartite, id ego & superego

72
Q

what is the id

A

the id is present at birth & it is based on the pleasure principle and impulses

73
Q

what is the ego

A

formed around 2 years, based on the reality principle and acts as the mediator between the id and superego

74
Q

what is the superego

A

formed around 5 years & based on the morality principle and inhibitions

75
Q

when we encounter threats or trauma the ? employs ?

A

ego, defence mechanisms

76
Q

defence mechanisms are helpful in the ? but not in the ?

A

short term, long term

77
Q

name three defence mechanisms

A

repression - forcing a memory out of the conscious mind into the unconscious

denial - refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality

displacement - transferring negative feelings from their source to a substitute target

78
Q

name the 5 psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

79
Q

when is the oral stage and what is its focus and consequences if not completed

A

oral stage (0-1)

focuses on the mouth e.g. breastfeeding, dummies

its consequences are oral fixations e.g nail biting & over eating

80
Q

when is the anal stage and what is its focus and consequences if not completed

A

anal (1-3)

focuses on the anus/bowel movement e.g. potty training

its consequences are anal personalities either retentive (controlling perfectionist) or expulsive (thoughtless + messy )

81
Q

when is the phallic stage and what is its focus and consequences if not completed

A

phallic (3-5) focuses on the genitalia

conflicts are oedipus & Electra complex

its consequences are phallic personalities (narcissistic, ego driven)

82
Q

when is the latent stage and what is its focus and consequences if not completed

A

latent (5 - puberty )
Caused by earlier conflicts that have been repressed

focuses on social/ intellectual development

no known consequences

83
Q

when is the genital stage and what is its focus and consequences if not completed

A

genital (puberty + )

focuses on sexual desire as it becomes conscious to the mind e.g. seeking heterosexual relationships

its consequences are difficulty forming relationships

84
Q

what is the Oedipus complex?

A

boys in the phallic stage experience incestuous love for their mothers and hate for their fathers

but boys fear their father believing if they found out about their feelings the father would castrate them

this leads to castration anxiety

to resolve this boys then identify with their fathers growing up

85
Q

what is the Electra complex

A

girls in the phallic stage experience incestuous love for their fathers and hatred for their mothers
the girls also experience penis envy( believing their mothers castrated them at birth)
realising they will never have a penis girls replace this want with the want for a baby

86
Q

what is the case of a little Hans an example of and how

A

little Hans is an example of the oedipus complex he was a boy with a fear of being bitten by a horse so his father took him to his friend sigmund freud who concluded Hans had displaced his castration fear from his father onto the horses
so he can identify with his father

87
Q

what is a strength of the psychodynamic approach

A

its practical application in psychoanalysis

88
Q

give two limitations of the psychodynamic approach

A

reliance on case studies - making the approach unreliable and unrepresentative

untestable concepts - it is unscientific as many of Freuds concepts occur at an unconscious level making them difficult to test suggests Freuds theories were pseudoscientific rather than established facts

89
Q

what was the humanistic approach developed in response to

A

a response to freud who they stated focused on the ‘sick half’ of the mind

90
Q

what is the humanistic approach interested in

A

healthy development and growth

91
Q

what does the humanistic approach focus on and what does the make it

A

the importance of our subjective experience and believes in free will

making it a person centred approach

92
Q

name two humanist psychologists

A

Maslow and rogers

93
Q

name the 5 levels of maslows hierarchy of needs in order and give examples of each

A

self actualisation - desire to become the most one can be (top of hierarchy)

esteem e.g. respect, self esteem, status

love and belonging e.g. friendship, intimacy, family

safety needs e.g. personal security, employment

physiological needs e.g. air, water, food ,shelter

94
Q

what are the lowest 4 levels of maslows hierarchy known as

A

deficiency needs all 4 need to be met before one can work on self actualisation

95
Q

self actualisation is a ? need

A

growth

96
Q

when our self ? and ? self do not match we are experiencing ?

A

concept, ideal, incongruence

97
Q

where does incongruence come from

A

lack of parental affection and unconditional regard as a child

98
Q

rogers said we can only achieve personal growth if we are experiencing what?

A

congruence

99
Q

what is rogers solution to solving incongruence

A

client centred therapy

100
Q

name 3 strengths of the humanistic approach

A

emphasises individual choice and responsibility - strongly advocates/believes in free will

not reductionist but holistic - places focus on the whole individual which is what makes the approach ‘person centred’

practical application - maslows needs widely used

101
Q

name 3 limitations of the humanistic approach

A

ungeneralisible/ unrealistic - not many will be able to achieve self actualisation can be seen as an unrealistic goal

emphasis on conscious awareness -limits scope of the approach

ethnocentric - cultural bias

psychology yr12 (8 decks)

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