approaches Flashcards
behaviourists are only concerned with what type of behaviour
objective and measurable
who founded behaviourism
John b Watson
behaviourists believe we are born as what
tabula rasa (blank slates)
why did behaviourism emerge
behaviourists criticised Wundt and introspection as unscientific as we cannot observe/ measure internal mental processes
behaviourists distinguish between two types of conditioning
classical conditioning and operant
inspired by Darwin and evolution, behaviourists believe ? can replace ? in studies of learning
animals, humans
what is classical conditioning known as
learning by association
who studied classical conditioning and name the study
pavlov, pavlovs dogs
describe the study of pavlovs dogs
before conditioning food is an unconditioned stimulus producing an unconditioned response which is salivation
when presented with a bell dogs do not salivate - the bell is a neutral stimulus
after conditioning the dog has learned to associate the sound of the bell with food + salivates meaning the bell has become a CS and salivation a CR
what is operant conditioning also known as
learning through reinforcement
who studied operant conditioning and what is the name of the study
skinner, skinners rats
what is positive reinforcement
being rewarded for a behaviour
what is negative reinforcement
avoiding an unpleasant consequence of behaviour
what is the purpose of positive + negative reinforcement
to encourage behaviours to be repeated
what is punishment
the unpleasant consequence of a behaviour
what was the positive reinforcement in skinners study
pushing the lever released a food pellet which was the reward
what was the negative reinforcement in skinners study
pushing the lever stopped electric shocks (unpleasant consequence)
give examples of positive + negative reinforcement and a punishment
PR - completing your hw on time and gaining an achievement point
NR - keeping your coat off in the building to avoid detention
P - receiving a detention for having your phone out in class
name a strength of behaviourism
practical application, can be seen and used in real life e.g CBT used for treating depression, systematic densensitisation used for treating phobias
name three limitations of behaviourism
ignores cognition - cognitive psychologists believe the BA is too simplistic + dismisses complex internal processes such as the 4 meditational processes so incomplete explanation
token economics simplifies human behaviour too much
supports nurture not nature - underestimates biological influences such as hormones or genetics and the effects they have on our behaviour e.g testosterone linked to aggression both prevalent in men
who pioneered SLT
Bandura
what approach does SLT agree with
the behaviourist approach we learn directly through experience
what did Bandura suggest
that we learn INDIRECTLY by observing and copying others behaviours
when was banduras first bobo doll study and what did it investigate
1961, the effect of modelling