Memory

Question 1

Coordinates and manipulates the information stored in the working memory buffers.

Answer 1

Central Executive

Question 2

The process by which information is organized into sets of familiar groups or categories of items. This can help increase the total number of items held in memory.

Answer 2

Chunking

Question 3

The idea that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time.

Answer 3

Decay Theory

Question 4

Also known as explicit memory. Memories for factual information (semantic memory) or memories that are tied to a particular place and time (episodic memory).

Answer 4

Declarative Memory

Question 5

Sensory memory for our auditory system.

Answer 5

Echoic Memory

Question 6

How information initially enters into memory. A selective process that is highly dependent on attention.

Answer 6

Encoding

Question 7

When we encode a particular item into memory, the item is not processed in isolation but together with the surrounding context.

Answer 7

Encoding Specificity

Question 8

A new addition of the working memory model. It is thought to draw on the other buffers (phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad) as well as on other stored long-term memories. This aspect of working memory is engaged when remembering specific past episodes.

Answer 8

Episodic Buffer

Question 9

We attribute fame to a name since we cannot remember where we have seen it before (source monitory error). Since we recognize the name, it must be famous!

Answer 9

False Fame Effect

Question 10

Memory savings plotted over time.

Answer 10

Forgetting Curve

Question 11

Participants are required to study of list of words presented one at a time. They then need to recall as many words as they can in any order.

Answer 11

Free-Recall Paradigm

Question 12

Sensory memory for our tactile system.

Answer 12

Haptic Memory

Question 13

A proposition by Craik and Lockhart that memory is not subdivided into separate stores. Instead, memory is conceived of as a continuum; items encoded at a deeper level (more attention, more elaboration) result in a longer lasting memory trace than items encoded at a more shallow level (less attention, less elaboration).

Answer 13

Levels of Processing

Question 14

The permanent storage of our memory. Breaks down into declarative (semantic and episodic) and nondeclarative memories (implicit and procedural).

Answer 14

Long-Term Memory

Question 15

The difference in the time it takes to memorize a list at test compared to retest.

Answer 15

Memory Savings

Question 16

The creation of false memories by incorporating new erroneous information with an old memory.

Answer 16

Misinformation Effect

Question 17

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something.

Answer 17

Mnemonic Strategy

Question 18

A combination of implicit and procedural memories. These memories are more automatic and unconscious.

Answer 18

Nondeclarative Memory

Question 19

Encapsulates the original notion of short-term memory. It is a temporary online store that can maintain seven plus or minus two bits of phonological information for a short period of time. The phonological loop maintains information that can be rehearsed verbally.

Answer 19

Phonological Loop

Question 20

Participants during a free-recall task remember more words presented at the beginning list.

Answer 20

Primacy Effect

Question 21

Information learned prior to a specific memory interferes with its retrieval.

Answer 21

Proactive Interference

Question 22

Our ability to discriminate real memories from those that are thought or imagined.

Answer 22

Reality Monitoring

Question 23

Participants during a free-recall task remember more words presented at the end of the list.

Answer 23

Recency Effect

Question 24

A painful memory that has been forgotten as a defense mechanism.

Answer 24

Repressed Memory

Question 25

The act of recovering stored information. Memory retrieval is dependent on retrieval cues—a key piece of information that has the potential to activate a memory in full.

Answer 25

Retrieval

Question 26

Information learned after a specific memory interferes with its retrieval.

Answer 26

Retroactive Interference

Question 27

With regard to memory, it is the mental frameworks for interpreting the world around us based on prior experiences.

Answer 27

Schemas

Question 28

Information encoded with ‘me-in-mind’ is better remembered than information encoded with something or someone else in mind.

Answer 28

Self-Referent Effect

Question 29

The transient maintenance of perceptual and physical information from the very recent past.

Answer 29

Sensory Memory

Question 30

Information that is selected from sensory memory enters consciousness and is maintained in the short-term or working memory buffer. It is thought to operate like RAM on a computer, whereby the selected information is held online for a short period of time but not necessarily stored permanently.

Answer 30

Short-Term Memory

Question 31

When we cannot recall where we learned a piece of information.

Answer 31

Source Monitoring Error

Question 32

Concerns how the record of memory is maintained over time. This record is not fixed and can be modified.

Answer 32

Storage

Question 33

Memory is aided when similar processes are engaged at encoding and retrieval. This is primarily due to encoding specificity.

Answer 33

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Question 34

A new addition to the working memory model. It is thought to temporarily represent and manipulate visual information.

Answer 34

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 35

Consists of three short-term buffers (or stores): the phonological or articulatory loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer. Working memory is the modern understanding of short-term memory.

Answer 35

Working Memory