Attention Flashcards
Unattended information is not completely filtered out, as proposed in the single filter model, but rather ‘turned down’ or attenuated. The attenuator replaces the filter in Broadbent’s model, allowing all information to pass but with differently assigned weightings depending on whether the information is physically similar to the target or not.
Attenuation Theory
Only a limited amount of attentional information can be passed on for further processing.
Bottleneck
The raw data gathered by our senses.
Bottom-Up Processing
When relevant information from an unattended channel is heard, such as someone calling your name at a busy party.
Breakthrough
A perceptual phenomenon where a change has occurred in a visual scene, but the observer does not notice or cannot identify it.
Change Blindness
Despite competing background noises, a listener can focus on a single channel of information (e.g., having a conversation amidst many other people talking in the background).
Cocktail Party Effect
When at item does not pop-out during a visual search task, you must examine each item individually to determine if it is the target. As set size increases, so does search time.
Conjunctive Search
Attending to something without looking at it.
Covert Orienting
Participants wear headphones where one message is presented to one ear (that is attended to) and a different message is presented to the other ear (that is not attended to). The participant is typically instructed to shadow (immediately repeat the message) in the attended ear.
Dichotic Listening Paradigm
Our attentional filter is located early in the process. Information is filtered out early before any semantic processing has occurred. This theory was proposed by Broadbent.
Early Selection Theory
A highly detailed and vivid ‘snapshot’ of a moment. Typically occurs during a time when an important piece of news was heard. Not always as accurate as they may seem.
Flashbulb Memories
Our limited attentional resources can result in missing out (not noticing) some very important or salient things.
Inattentional Blindness
IOR tends to prevent your gaze (and attention) from revisiting a previously attended location. In turn, this promotes orienting towards new and previously unsearched locations, which should result in a more efficient search.
Inhibition of Return
Suggests filtering occurs after physical and semantic analysis and only selected information goes on for further processing due to limitations in processing capacity.
Late Filter Model
The bottom up capture of attention driven by a salient physical property of the target during a visual search task. If a target “pops-out”, search time is unaffected by set size.
Pop-Out Effect
