Classical conditioning

Question 1

An automatic response established by training (learning) to a once neutral stimulus—the conditional stimulus (CS).

Answer 1

Conditional Response (CR)

Question 2

A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditional stimulus (US), now triggers a conditional response (CR).

Answer 2

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

Question 3

Trials on which the CS and US are presented together. These trials create an association between the two stimuli. Also known as training trails.

Answer 3

Conditioning Trials

Question 4

The extent to which the CS and US occur together in time and space.

Answer 4

Contiguity

Question 5

A term used to describe the association between the CS and US, because the presence of the CS reliably predicts the presence of the US.

Answer 5

Contingency

Question 6

An increase in responding that follows a change in n a previously habituated stimulus.

Answer 6

Dishabituation

Question 7

The decreased effectiveness of a drug over the course of repeated administration.

Answer 7

Drug Tolerance

Question 8

When the presence of the CS predicts the presence of the US.

Answer 8

Excitatory Conditioning

Question 9

When the CS no longer elicits the CR. Occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented alone.

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

The CS is repeatedly presented alone to extinguish the CS–US association. Not to be confused with tests trials, where the CS is presented alone to test whether an association has been learned.

Answer 10

Extinction Trial

Question 11

A decrease in response to a stimulus when it is repeatedly presented without consequence.

Answer 11

Habituation

Question 12

A neutral stimulus is paired with a CS to produce the same CR as the CS.

Answer 12

Higher-Order Conditioning

Question 13

Maintaining the body’s internal equilibrium.

Answer 13

Homeostasis

Question 14

The presence of the CS predicts the absence of the US.

Answer 14

Inhibitory Conditioning

Question 15

Mechanisms of behaviour that undergo relatively enduring change based on experience.

Answer 15

Learning

Question 16

An automatic shift of attention toward a stimulus.

Answer 16

Orienting Response

Question 17

The reintroduction of conditioning trials after extinction has occurred. Reacquisition is faster than acquisition, indicating that some of the original learning is retained following extinction.

Answer 17

Reacquisition

Question 18

An increase in response to a stimulus as it is repeatedly presented. Often adaptive, because it prompts you to engage in behaviours appropriate to escaping a potentially harmful stimulus.

Answer 18

Sensitization

Question 19

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished CS after a temporal delay.

Answer 19

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 20

An organism’s ability to fine-tune its responding such that a CR occurs in response to one CS, but not to other similar stimuli. Typically occurs through discrimination training.

Answer 20

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 21

The CR is elicited by a new stimulus that is similar to the original CS. The more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the greater the response. The strength of the CR follows a generalization gradient.

Answer 21

Stimulus Generalization

Question 22

A trial where the CS is presented without the US. Used to test whether a CS– US association has been learned. Not to be confused with extinction trials, where the CS is repeatedly presented alone.

Answer 22

Test Trial

Question 23

A biologically determined response that is evoked prior to any learning.

Answer 23

Unconditional Response (UR)

Question 24

Any stimulus that evokes a UR.

Answer 24

Unconditional Stimulus (US)