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Cognition > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

a host of systems that can operate implicitly or explicitly in many different levels

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2
Q

What factors of life is memory involved in?

A
  • Routines and habits
  • sense of self
  • figuring out how to solve problems
  • social functions
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3
Q

What are the 3 memory processing stages?

A
  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
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4
Q

What is encoding?

A

the process of putting info in your memory.

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5
Q

what does storage do?

A
  • Maintenance of info

- consolidating encoding experience/pattern

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6
Q

what is retrieval?

A

recovering the memory trace

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7
Q

Where is memory in the brain?

A

hippocampus forms a memory trace as a pattern of cortical activity. pattern can become separate from hippocampus and be in cortex only.

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8
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

when a memory trace transforms into a stable long-term pattern and becomes independent of the hippocampus.

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9
Q

What is the memory system?

A

sensory input –> sensory memory –> short-term memory (STM) —>

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10
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

vast and semantic knowledge and a record of your prior events and experiences.

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11
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

habits and procedures and also involves priming

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12
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

A

implicit is non-conscious and explicit is conscious

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13
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

a sound-byte held for 3 seconds

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14
Q

What is haptic memory?

A

very brief memory of touch

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15
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

visuo indo held very briefly, also called persistence of vision

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16
Q

what is a positive after image?

A

a visual memory that is the original image

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17
Q

what is a negative after image?

A

a visual memory that contains the inverted colours from the original image

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18
Q

How long can sensory memory hold info for?

A

can hold a lot of info but fades very quickly

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19
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

intermediate system between sensory and long-term memory.

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20
Q

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for STM?

A

prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

What is the time capacity of STM?

A

20-30 seconds

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22
Q

what is a serial position effect?

A

something that exists when we’re trying to hold something in STM in which the order that the info is presented to you will affect how well you can remember that info later on

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23
Q

What is a primacy effect?

A

better recall of the first few items from a learned list

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24
Q

How do the first words from a list get encoded in LTM?

A

with a lot of rehearsal.

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25
Q

What is a recency effect?

A

better recall of final items on a list because they are available in the STM

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26
Q

How can we enhance STM?

A

chunking: strategy to group items together in a meaningful way in the short-term memory.

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27
Q

How does chunking ability increase?

A

with the more knowledge you have about the info

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28
Q

what do neuroimaging studies show about STM?

A

different areas of the brain are active for visual and verbal STM tasks.

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29
Q

What is the phonological store?

A

passive store for verbal info

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30
Q

What is the articulatory loop?

A

the subvocal rehearsal of verbal info

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31
Q

What is the articulatory loop?

A

It’s used to convert written material into sound

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32
Q

What is the visual sketchpad?

A

The visual cache passively holds info about visual features and identity

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33
Q

What is the inner scribe?

A

it actively holds info about spatial location, movement and sequence.

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34
Q

What does the episodic buffer do?

A

It integrates verbal and visual info and info from STM and LTM

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35
Q

Why is the episodic buffer very important?

A

it’s a bridge between STM and LTM and verbal and visual information

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36
Q

Why is memory loss exponential?

A

memory loss is largest early on and slows down over time.

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37
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

when the same amount of learning is spread out over time

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38
Q

What is decay theory?

A

forgetting occurs because of time. a memory trace decays as time passes

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39
Q

what is inference theory?

A

Forgetting occurs because of interference info

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40
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Newly learned info interferes with old info

41
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Previously learned material interferes with new info

42
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

focusing on structural or physical characteristics of info during learning

43
Q

what is deep processing?

A

focusing on eating of the info during learning?

44
Q

What are the 3 types of shallow processing?

A
  • structure info:

physical presentation of the world

-Phoneme info:

the sound of what is being said

-Grapheme level:

The letters. syllables of words

45
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

memory is better if you relate it to yourself

46
Q

What is the generation effect?

A

memory is better if you generate it

47
Q

What is the encoding specificity hypothesis?

A

memory retrieval is better when factors at retrieval overlap with factors at encoding.

48
Q

How does context impact memory?

A

memory is better when a person’s context is the same at encoding and retrieval

49
Q

what does deep ecncoding lead to?

A

stronger memories

50
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

organizational strategies that help encode to-be remembered info.

51
Q

What are the different kinds of mnemonics?

A
  • Naming mnemonics
  • Story Mnemonics (creating stories out of list of words to be remembered)
  • Method of loci (Associate pieces of info with a location or visual image)
52
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

using memories to guide behaviour without thinking about these memories.

53
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

memory for well-established procedures.

54
Q

What parts of the brain does procedural memory rely on?

A

Basal Ganglia for learning action sequences and prefrontal cortex for organization

55
Q

What are implicit memory habits?

A

activities that initially rely explicit memory, but with training and/or exposure become habitual and rely on implicit memory.

56
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

support remembering specific events and episodes

57
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

supports remembering facts and general info

58
Q

How is episodic memory retrieved?

A

by remembering the encoding context

59
Q

How is semantic memory retrieved?

A

retrieval is independent of context of learning.

60
Q

what is episodic memory dependent on?

A

hippocampus

61
Q

What is anoetic consciousness?

A

it’s related to implicit memory, mostly unaware you’re accessing a memory and have no personal engagement to it.

62
Q

What is noetic consciousness?

A

akin to semantic memory, aware that you are accessing knowledge but does not require personal engagement.

63
Q

What is autonomic consciousness?

A

“self-knowing”, episodic memory, being aware that you are remembering something and personally engaging in it, “mental time travel”

64
Q

What is a memory trace?

A

physical representation of a pattern of an experience in the brain.

65
Q

what are memory schemas?

A

generalizations of events.

66
Q

What is the reappearance hypothesis?

A

a single memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval.

67
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

vivid memories of significant events that are emotionally arousing or shocking events.

68
Q

What is the now print theory?

A

Significant experiences are immediately photocopied and preserved in LTM.

69
Q

How are flashbulb memories reinforced?

A

via overt rehearsal and covert rehearsal

70
Q

Are flashbulb memories safe from distortion?

A

No flashbulb memories can be distorted and can change over time.

71
Q

Why are memories open to distortion?

A

because they are constructed through retrieval.

72
Q

How can schemas affect memory?

A

they can alter episodic memory.

73
Q

What is the misattribution effect?

A

retrieving familiar info from the wrong place

74
Q

What does imaging a future event depend on?

A

episodic memory

75
Q

what are tasks that require specific novel mental scenarios to guide behaviour?

A
  • Imagination
  • Planning
  • creativity
  • Personal Problem solving
76
Q

How is semantic memory formed?

A

from episodic memory with time and repetitions.

77
Q

How does automatic activation spread in a semantic network?

A

from an activated concept (unit) to other interconnected concepts (units)

78
Q

When does tip of the tongue happen most often?

A

with low frequency terms and proper names

79
Q

Which memory system develops first in children?

A

implicit memory then explicit

80
Q

What is the language hypothesis?

A

states that language is critical for organizing personal memories.

81
Q

What is the immature brain hypothesis?

A

because hippocampus and prefrontal structures are not fully developed, memories can’t be formed.

82
Q

In what period of our lives do we tend to remember more events from?

A

Teenage years

83
Q

How does old age impact memory?

A 
implicit memory = intact 
semantic memory = intact
episodic memory (and working memory) = impaired
84
Q

At what age does long-term memory start declining?

A

in your 20’s

85
Q

How does age impact information processing?

A

Older adults are slower at processing information

86
Q

What is the Associative Deficit Hypothesis of aging?

A

older adults have problems encoding and retrieving associations in memory.

87
Q

What are older adults less impaired at?

A

remembering single items

88
Q

What is unitilization?

A

ability to better remember multiple things when u view them as one.

89
Q

What are the two ways to remember?

A

Recollection and familiarity

90
Q

What does the face-name recognition task rely on?

A

associative memory

91
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

progressive neuro-degeneration that begins in the medial temporal lobes. (hippocampus)

92
Q

what is semantic dementia?

A

neurodegeneration that begins in the left anterior temporal lobe, an area critical for meaning, concepts and facts.

93
Q

How does semantic dementia deficit present itself?

A

loss of word meaning and word finding difficulties.

94
Q

What is Anterogade amnesia

A

inability to form new episodic memories

95
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

impaired retrieval of old memories

96
Q

What is Confabulation?

A

narrative story of an event that has not happened.

97
Q

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

A

a very rare psychiatric disorder that varies in presentation which can lead to a shift in lifestyle and indentity.

98
Q

What is Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory?

A

when someone can remember every single day from their lives in every detail.

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